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It was shown that the critical tube length has a tendency to increase
with increase in impact velocity, although under certain conditions the
counter-intuitive is observed and no distinct critical length could be
defined. Jensen et al.[22] performed a numerical study of the dynamic
buckling transition of aluminium alloy square tubes and noted that the
critical tube length varied depending on the width-to-thickness ratio and
impact velocity. Karagiozova and Alves [24] established the major
parameters that govern the dynamic buckling transition of aluminium
alloy circular tubes. The experimental study showed that the impact
velocity, i.e. inertia effects, is a key influential factor. The material
characteristics are shown to be a parameter as well, especially the
material hardening characteristics.
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The axial-load vs. displacement profile of progressive buckling
mode has a general oscillatory trend. An initial high peak force
is observed at the formation of the first lobe overcoming the
yield strength of the material. The lobe is a plastic hinge where
the walls of the tube fold around and extend at the hinges [19].
Thereafter a repetitive pattern is observed with the formation of
consecutive lobes. The axial-load profile show regular
oscillations about a mean force as shown
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Only local deformation occurs at the plastic hinge resulting in
comparatively low energy absorption. An initial peak load is
observed as a result of the formation of the plastic hinge and
thereafter the load profile decays to a low, relatively constant
force as the tube flexes around the plastic hinge. Thin-walled
structures comprising of long and slender shells or tubes tend
to buckle globally. A square tube that has failed in Euler
buckling mode is shown in Figure 2.1. The specific square tube
has a length-to-width ratio of 8 and a wall-thickness-to-width
ratio of 0.006 [17]. These geometric ratios resulted in the
preference of this mode of failure.
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