SOIL AND LAND

Prepared by: Group 3

 SOIL AND LAND
 Geologic processes involve the development of soil and land.
 Land is the part of the world not covered by the oceans and seas.
 Soil is a thin covering over the land consisting of a mixture of
minerals, organic material, living organisms, air, and water that
together support the growth of organism such as plant life.
SOIL COMPONENTS VARY WITH DIFFERENT
TYPES OF SOIL

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 THE COMPONENTS OF SOIL
 Farmers are concerned with soil because the nature of soil determines the kinds of crops that
can be grown and the farming method. The nature of soil also determines the quality and
quantity of food. If the soil is abused it can no longer grow crops and people will suffer.

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SOIL FORMATION
There are five soil forming factors that soil scientists use to explain how soils form.
 Parent Material- Whenever soil is weathered directly from the underlying rock, they are called
residuals soils. Moving water, ice, or wind may transfer the soil from the parent material and they are
called transported soil.
 Climate- Temperature and the amount of moisture can cause different patterns of weathering. The
amount, intensity ,timing and kind of precipitation influence soil formation.
 Topography- Slope affects the moisture and temperature of soil. Steep slopes facing the sun are
warmer and steep soils may be eroded and lose their topsoil.
 Biological Factors- Organism such as plants, animals, and microorganisms including humans
affect soil formation. Animals and microorganisms mix soil by forming burrows and pores. Plant
roots break rocks and soil as they grow.
 Time- Soil formation processes are continuous. Deposition from a flood buries the surface and
underlying horizons. More developmental features can be seen on older land surfaces such as
terraces above the active flood plain.
SOIL PROPERTIES
 It is determined by the size of the mineral particles within the soil.
 it is include soil texture, structure, atmosphere moisture, biotic
content, and chemical composition.
 The larger soil particles are gravel, that consists of fragments larger
than 2.0 millimeters in diameter.
 Sand particles are between 0.05 and 2.0 millimeters.
 Silt particle range from 0.002 to 0.05 millimeter in diameter.
 The smallest are the clay particles which are less than 0.002
millimeter in diameter.
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  Loam- provides good aeration and drainage
properties of large particles with nutrient
retention and water holding ability of clay
particles.
 Soil Profile- idealized vertical cross section
from the ground surface down to the parent
rock.
 Horizons- sometimes it is called zones.
It is an end result of surface weathering
brought about primarily by downward
percolation of water.
There are three major horizons:
 A Horizon- top soil of leaching from which
downward percolation of water has removed
some clays and soluble ions. It is also
commonly rich in organic matters (humus).

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 B Horizon- The subsoil of accumulation. Clays are more prevalent and organic matter is less
abundant.
 C Horizon- The transition from the soil profile to the unweathered parent material below.

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CONSERVATION AND
PROTECTION OF SOIL
SOIL CONSERVATION PRACTICES
The kinds of agricultural activities that soil can be used for are
determined by: soil structure and texture, drainage, fertility,
rockiness, slope of the land, amount and nature of rainfall, and
climate conditions.
The amount of agricultural soil must be protected from erosion by
water or wind. Whenever this happens the topsoil is lost and the
soil’s fertility decreases. For this reason, proper soil conservation
measures should be employed to minimize the loss of topsoil.
1. Contour Farming- It refers to the tilling at right angles to the slope of the
land. It is one of the simples methods for preventing soil erosion. The series of
small ridges at right angles to the slope acts as a dam to prevent water from
running down in order to allow more water to soak into the soil.

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2. Strip Farming- practiced when a slope is too steep or too long. In strip
farming, alternating strips are closely sown on crops such as corn. The closely
sown crops stop the flow of water, which reduces soil erosion and allows more
water to be absorbed into the ground.

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3. Terracing- One practical method of preventing soil erosion on a very steep
land is to construct terraces. Terraces are level areas constructed at right angles
to the slope to retain water and greatly reduce the amount of erosion.

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4. Waterways- are depressions on sloping land where water collects and flows
off the land. However, when not properly maintained, waterways are susceptible
to erosion.

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5. Windbreaks- the wind may also cause erosion. Windbreaks are plantings of
trees or other plants that protect bare soil from the full force of the wind.
Windbreaks reduce the speed of the wind and decrease the amount of soil that is
carried away.

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SOIL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
COMPONENTS
Good and quality management of soil requires planning and activities that

could enhance the soil and prevent erosion that may be a result of either
natural or human causes.
1. Enhance organic matter. Adding new organic matter is perhaps is the
most important way to improve and maintain the soil quality. Addition of
organic matter improves soil structure and enhances water and nutrient holding
capacity.
2. Avoid excessive tillage. Tillage is used to loosen surface soil and break
up soil structure. Reducing tillage minimizes the loss of organic matter and
protects the soil surface with plant residue.
3. Manage pests and nutrients efficiently. Efficient pest and nutrient
management means testing and monitoring soil and pests. This means applying
only the necessary chemicals at the right time and at the right place.
4. Prevent soil compaction. Compaction reduces the amount of air, water,
and space available to roots and soil organisms. An example of compaction is
caused by repeated traffic or traveling on wet soil.
5. Keep the ground cover. Ground cover protects the soil. The ground can
be covered by leaving crop residue on the surface or by planting cover crops.
6. Diversify cropping systems- Plants contribute a unique rot structure and
type of residue to the soil. Changing vegetation across the landscape or over
time increases not only plant diversity but also the organisms that live there.
 WASTE MANAGEMENT
 It is a generation, prevention, characterization, monitoring, treatment, handling, reuse
and residual disposition of solid wastes.
Solid Waste- generally made up of objects or particles that accumulate on the site where
they are produced.
There are various types of Solid Waste:
1. Mining Waste- generated in three primary ways,
 First, in most mining operations, large amounts of rock and soil need to be removed to
get the valuable ore. The waste material is left on the surface at the mine site.
 Second, milling operations extract the valuable material from the ore. The grinding and
sorting of materials produces solid waste called tailings. These tailings are dumped on the
land near the milling site and the liquid waste is stored in ponds.
 Lastly, the water that is pumped from mines flows from piles of waste rock or tailings that
contain hazardous materials.
MINING WASTE

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2. Agricultural Waste- a common form of waste from the raising of animals and the
harvesting and processing of crops and trees. Most agricultural waste is organic and is used for
soil enhancement activities. Other materials are burned as a source of energy. When there is too
much agricultural waste produced in one place, runoff of groundwater contamination due to
infiltration happens.

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3. Industrial Solid Waste- Coming from sources other than mining. It
includes a variety of materials such as demolition waste, scraps from
manufacturing processes, and ash from combustion. If they are classified as
hazardous waste, the disposal requires special hazardous landfills.

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4. Municipal Solid Waste- these are the materials that people in a region no longer want
because they are broken, spoiled or have no further use. This type of waste comes from
households, commercial establishments ,institutions , and some industrial sources.

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
METHODS OF WASTE
Waste should be disposed of properly. Depending on the location, there are generally five
DISPOSAL
techniques in waste disposal:
1. Landfills- This method is the cheapest and the most convenient waste disposal. A typical solid
waste landfill is constructed above an impermeable clay layer that is lined with an impermeable
membrane. The everyday deposit of fresh garbage is covered with a layer of soil to prevent it from
blowing around. The threat of groundwater contamination reduces the use of this practice.
2. Incineration- Incineration waste disposal is burning in a controlled manner using an
incinerator. Incineration coupled with high temperature waste treatments are recognized as
thermal treatments. During the process of incineration, the waste material that is treated is
converted in to gases, particles and heat. These products are later used for generation of
electricity. The gases are first treated for eradication of pollution before going in to
atmosphere.
3. Mulch and Compost- The organic material that is used to cover the soil is called
mulch. Composting is the method of allowing the natural process of
decomposition to transform organic materials into humus-like material called
compost.
4. Source Reduction- This refers to the method of designing, manufacturing,
purchasing, using and reusing materials so that the amount of waste or its toxicity
is reduced.
4. Source Reduction- This refers to the method of designing, manufacturing,
purchasing, using and reusing materials so that the amount of waste or its toxicity
is reduced.
 Universal Recycling Symbol- This symbol is used in many product labels and
packages. Along with the other notes, it is used to indicate what kind of waste the
product has and tells the consumer the general idea on its recyclability and
reusability.
DID YOU KNOW?
 Rip Rap- It is a layer, facing or protective mound of angular stones randomly
placed to prevent erosion, scour or sloughing of a structure or embankment;
also, the stone is used.
 Vegetation- It is considered the core producer in the food chain. Its value in
the life of any living organism is immeasurable yet often under-appreciated.
While some consider planting and gardening activities bothersome, others find
them very relaxing. If you are a lover of gardening, you can turn your
appreciation of nature into your personal use and a profitable venture by
starting your own home plant nursery.