UNIT 18 : HOT WAR, COLD WAR

WHY DID THE MAJOR TWENTIETH-CENTURY CONFLICTS

AFFECT SO MANY PEOPLE?
 Introduction

• Three major wars

– FIRST WORLD WAR (WWI)
– SECOND WORLD WAR (WW2)
– THE COLD WAR

WWI & WW2 were ‘hot wars’ – war was openly declared

The Cold War – war was never declared – never openly fought
• The twentieth-century – most violent in history
• More than 50mil people died
• People were affected in so many ways – became poorer,
evacuation of children, women in war work, starvation and
famine, people running away to other countries
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
 THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914 – 1918)

• Technological change – it was a very different kind of war

• Changes in weapons, vehicles and medicine
• Aeroplanes and tanks were used for the first time
• THE IMPACT – changed how many people died while fighting.
More or less?
• Use of artillery – fire large amount of explosives
• Machine guns – fires rapidly
THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914 – 1918)
 THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914 – 1918)

• Soldiers had to hide below ground – it was safer

• They built trenches in the battlefield and most of the fighting

took place here

• The war was STATIC – soldiers stayed at the same place for a long
period of time
 THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914 – 1918)

• Soldiers had to hide below ground – it was safer

• They built trenches in the battlefield and most of the fighting

took place here

• The war was STATIC – soldiers stayed at the same place for a long
period of time
 THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914 – 1918)
Trenches
 THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914 – 1918)

Medicine – advancement meant more people died from fighting

than from wounds and diseases
THE SECOND WORLD WAR
 THE SECOND WORLD WAR (1938 – 1945)
• Aeroplanes and tanks became more advanced
• The use of aircrafts and bombers meant more civilians were killed than soldiers
• Tanks and armoured cars – could drive over rough ground and through machine
gun fire
• Tanks can break through enemy lines and carry supplies into inaccessible areas
 THE SECOND WORLD WAR (1939 – 1945)
• RADAR – Radio Detecting and Ranging
• A warning system for when enemy planes were approaching
• Also used to hunt for submarines
• Attack targets more accurately
• PENICILLIN – helped many soldiers recover after being wounded
 THE SECOND WORLD WAR (1939 – 1945)
• ATOMIC BOMBS – most significant development
• First weapon to use nuclear power
NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND THE COLD WAR
 Nuclear Weapons and The Cold War

• MAD policy – Mutually Assured Destruction

– Kill us and we’ll kill you

• Countries became very reluctant to declare war on a country that

has nuclear weapons

• This situation became known as The Cold War

THE SECOND WORLD WAR : TOTAL AND GLOBAL WAR IN
THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY
 Page 108, Question 2

Please use a ruler to draw the table

FILL in the missing information

 SECOND WORLD WAR

A story of separation

• ‘Displaced persons’ – refugees during and immediately after WWII

• Separation from loved ones – sometimes forever
• Most of these refugees never returned home as they settled down
in other countries with entirely different cultures and environment
DO THE CAUSES OF TWENTIETH-CENTURY WARS HAVE
ANYTHING IN COMMON?
Match the correct meaning to each term
CONFLICT MEANING

CIVIL WAR War to gain more land

RELIGIOUS WAR
War between people of different
faiths

WAR OF CONQUEST
War for freedom from rule by
another country

WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

War within a country between two
or more groups
 Causes of the twentieth-century wars
Causes of WWI / The India-Pakistan War / Cold War
- Examine the causes of wars and conflicts – look into links between causes and
similarities of different conflicts

- ‘The war to end all wars’ – WWI – people rejoiced when it ended in 1918 – but
they were wrong

WHY DID THE FIRST WORLD WAR HAPPEN?

 WHY DID WW1 HAPPEN?

• Mutual Defence Alliances

• Imperialism
• Militarism
• Nationalism
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
 WHY DID WW1 HAPPEN?

Mutual Defence Alliances

- European countries made mutual defence agreements that would pull them into
battle
- Meaning : if one country is attacked, the allied countries are bound to defend
them
- Alliances before WW1:
Russia and Serbia
Germany and Austria-Hungary
France and Russia
Britain, France and Belgium
Japan and Britain
 WHY DID WW1 HAPPEN?

Imperialism

- A country increases its power and wealth by bringing additional territories

under their control

- Increasing competition among the European countries to conquer African and

Asian region further pushed the countries into World War 1
 WHY DID WW1 HAPPEN?

Militarism

- The beginning of arms race – by 1914 – Germany had the biggest military build-
up

- Other countries also expanded their military force in a display of power

- This increase in militarism propelled the countries into war

 WHY DID WW1 HAPPEN?

Nationalism

- Slavic people of Bosnia and Herzegovina – no longer wanted to be a part of

Austria-Hungary. They wanted to be a part of Serbia

- This triggered the war that spread throughout Europe

 WHY DID WW1 HAPPEN?

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

- Archduke of Austria-Hungary – assassinated by a Serbian terrorist group called

the Black Hand

- This was in protest to Austria-Hungary having control of Sarajevo – Serbia

wanted to take control of this region
 WHY DID WW1 HAPPEN?
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

- This assassination – Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia

- Russia (allies with Serbia) mobilised to aid Serbia

- Germany (allies with Austria-Hungary) declared war on Russia

- France (allies with Russia) mobilised against Germany/Austria-Hungary

- Germany attacked France through Belgium (allies with Britain)

- Britain mobilised to aid Belgium

- Japan mobilised to aid Britain

 WHY DID WW1 HAPPEN?
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
- Archduke of Austria-Hungary – assassinated by a Serbian terrorist group
called the Black Hand

- This was in protest to Austria-Hungary having control of Sarajevo – Serbia

wanted to take control of this region

- Define these three terms (in your exercise book):

• Empire
• Colony
• Alliance
Look up page 115 (tbk)
 WHY DID WW1 HAPPEN?

The Alliances

Britain – France – Russia (The Triple Entente)

Germany – Austria-Hungary – Italy (The Triple Alliance)

Why?
TO SUPPORT EACH OTHER IN WAR
 OTHER MAJOR CONFLICTS IN THE 20TH CENTURY

The India- Pakistan War

1946 – India, Pakistan – both part of British India (more Hindus than Muslims)

At the verge of independence – Muslims wanted a country of their own. Why?

1947 – independence achieved – separate countries of India and Pakistan were

established

Pakistan was made up of two areas. Why?

 OTHER MAJOR CONFLICTS IN THE 20TH CENTURY
The India- Pakistan War
 OTHER MAJOR CONFLICTS IN THE 20TH CENTURY
The India- Pakistan War

In Punjab and Bengal – Muslims and Hindu – moved. Why?

Led to outbreaks of fights and riots – killing millions

Majority of East Pakistanis also had different culture and language from the Pakistanis

1971 – East Pakistan declared itself independent from Pakistan and called itself BANGLADESH

Pakistani army – sent in – crushed the independence movement – civilians massacred

Indian government – led by PM Indira Gandhi – declared war on Pakistan – sent troop to
Bangladesh

Indians defeated the Pakistanis and the independence of Bangladesh was made official