Literature Review

Literature Review
 Acts as a stepping-stone towards achievement of the study
objectives.
 Literature reviews provide a solid background to back one’s
investigation.
 Literature reviews help the researcher to avoid duplication,
identify the gaps in other studies
 A literature review is a survey of information found in
scholarly articles, books, and other literature related to your
area of study. The goal of a literature review is to describe,
summarize, evaluate and clarify the prior research on your
topic.
Literature review for Introduction VS
Discussion
Literature review
 Literature review is essential to understand what
has already done in the specific topic.
 Its help to Understand the background of the
specific topic Which researcher intends to research,
methodology Of research done by previous
researchers, and Research gap.
 Its an ongoing process from selection Of research
problem to report writing.
Key points of a literature review
 • Tell me what the research says(Theory)
 • Tell me how the research was carried out
(Methodology)
 • Tell me what is missing or the gap that research
intends to fill.(Research gap)
 Objectives- Literature review

 It surveys the literature in your chosen area of

study
 It synthesis the information in that literature into a
summary
 It critically analyses identifying gaps in current
knowledge; limitations of theories, methods, results
etc.
 It presents the literature in an organised way.
1.Primary literature sources
Primary literature sources are the first
occurrence of a piece
1. Reports
2.Confrence proceedings
3. Theses
2.Secondary Literature sources
 Secondary sources such as books & journals are
subsequent publication of primary literature. These
publications are aimed at wider audience.
1.Journals
2.Books
3.News papers
3. Tertiary literature sources
 Tertiary literature sources also called as “search
tools” are designed either to help to locate primary
& secondary literature or to introduce a topic.
1. Indexes
2. Abstracts
3. Encyclopedias
4. bibliographies.
Eg: subject catalogues of libraries
 Three Types of Literature

Primary Secondary Tertiory

Reports
Newspapers Indexes
Thesis
Books Abstracts
E-mails
Journals Catalogus
Conference reports
Internet Encyclopedias
Company reports
Sum government Bibliographies
Sum government
publications publications Citation Indexes
Unpublished Social media Dictonaries
manuscript
sources

Increasing Level of Detail

Increasing Time of Publish

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 Five steps of Literature Review
 Identify key terms
 Locate literature
 Evaluate, locate literature
 Organize literature
 Write literature review
 Literature Review

Locating Obtaining Reading Evaluating

Encyclopedias Libraries Efficiency & Conent Analysis

Selective Reading
Computer (or card) Oneline Sources Criteria of Review
Catalogues Keeping Track
of Reference
CD–ROM Sources Critical Review
Journal Indexes Annotating
Other Sources Reference Style and Tone
International
Bibliographies Developing a Meta-analysis
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Structure
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Literature review through internet

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Theoretical-framework

1. A theoretical framework is a collection of interrelated concepts Which provide the organization for the study.

2. It guides researcher, determining what things he will measure and what statistical relationships he will look for and also guides the researcher in the interpretations of the results with the relationship of variables.

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Contd…….
 Framework can be derived from related concepts
(conceptual) or existing theories (theoretical)
Example-1
Example-2
Purpose of theoretical framework

 To test theories
 To make research findings meaningful and
generalize.
 To establish orderly connections between
observations and facts
 To predict and control situations
 To stimulate research
Conceptual framework
 The conceptual framework describes and
explains the concepts to be used in the
study, their relationships with each other,
and how they are to be measured.
 Framework: Described as the abstract, logical
structure of meaning that guide the development of
the study. All frameworks are based on the
identification of key concepts and the relationships
among those concepts.
The goals of a conceptual framework

 Firstly, to describe existing practice,

 secondly, to prescribe future practice;
 thirdly, to define key terms and fundamental issues.

 The conceptual framework should provide the basis for future

debate especially in relation to prescriptions for future practice
and definitions of key terms and fundamental issues (Miller
1987).
Research approaches: Deduction vs Induction

Theory Theory

↓ ↑

Hypothesis Hypothesis

↓ ↑

Observation Pattern

↓ ↑

Confirmation Observation

Deduction Reasoning Induction Reasoning

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Deduction vs Induction
Inductive Deductive

Top down approach Bottom up approach

Specific to general General to specific

Research questions
Research questions are refined statement of the
specific components of the problem ending with?
A research question is a way of expressing your
interest in a problem.
Characteristics of a good research question:
 The question is feasible.

 The question is clear.

 The question is significant.

 The question is ethical.

Types of questions
 Causal Questions – Compares two or more phenomena and
determines if a relationship exists.
 Example: Does the amount of calcium in the diet of children
effect the number of cavities they have per year?
 Descriptive Questions – Seek to describe a phenomena and often
study “how much”, “how often”, or “what is the change”.
 Example: How often do college-aged students use Twitter?
 Comparative Questions – Aim to examine the difference between
two or more groups in relation to one or more variables. The
questions often begin with “What is the difference in...”.  
 Example: What is the difference share prices SCB and NB?
Question vs problem
Hypothesis

Hypothesis is Unproven statement or a possible answer to the

research question
To be complete a hypothesis must include three components:  

 The variables

 The population

 The relationship between the variables

Hypothesis are formulated to answer research questions.

Research hypotheses are formulated clearly in terms of the

relationship between the important variables.
Variables
 Titles
 Marketing- Products, Services
 Program- TV, FM, Newspaper
 Social Media
 Smart Phone
 Tourism
 Work Sheet
 Title selection- ?????
 Literature Review
 Problem Statement
 Research Questions
 Set of Hypothesis
 Methods
 Research Design- Descriptive, case study,
experimental, longitudinal, cross sectional???
 Questionnaire-Likert, open end, dichotomous,
Multiple Choice, Rank order, Demographic.
 Research instruments-Instrument is the generic
term that researchers use for a measurement device
(survey, test, questionnaire, etc.).
 Statistical tests
 Reports
 Reliability
Reliability can be thought of as consistency. Does the
instrument consistently measure what it is intended to measure? 
Methods
 Inter-Rater/Observer Reliability: The degree to which different
raters/observers give consistent answers or estimates.
 Test-Retest Reliability: The consistency of a measure evaluated
over time.
 Parallel-Forms Reliability: The reliability of two tests
constructed the same way, from the same content.
 Internal Consistency Reliability: The consistency of results
across items, often measured with Cronbach’s Alpha.
 Research instruments
 Researcher-Instruments  Subject-Instruments
 Rating scales  Questionnaires
 Interview schedules/guides  Self-checklists
 Tally sheets  Attitude scales
 Flowcharts  Personality inventories
 Performance checklists  Achievement tests
 Time-and-motion logs  Projective devices
 Observation forms  Sociometric devices