UNDERSTANDING

QUADRILATERAL
S
 Simple curves
In simple closed curves the shapes are closed by line – segments or
by a curved line.

A curve which starts and ends at the same point without crossing
itself is called a simple closed curve.

Not a simple curve are the curves cross itself or having more than
two directions.

Open curves: The curves which do not have same starting and
ending points are called open curves.
 CURVES
 A plane curve is a curve that lies in a single plane or a
plane surface like paper. A plane curve may be closed or
open.
POLYGON
S
Polygon is a closed
plane figure bounded by
three or more straight sides
that meet in pairs in the same
number of vertices, and do
not intersect other than at
these vertices.
 PARTS OF A
-
POLYGON
The endpoints of the sides of polygons are called vertices. When naming
a polygon, its vertices are named in consecutive order either clockwise
or counterclockwise.
- Consecutive sides are two sides that have an endpoint in common. The four-
sided polygon in Figure below could have been named ABCD, BCDA, or ADCB,
for example. It does not matter with which letter you begin as long as the
vertices are named consecutively. Sides AB and BC are examples of consecutive
sides.

There are four pairs of consecutive sides in this

polygon.
 PARTS OF A POLYGON
A diagonal of a polygon is any segment that joins two nonconsecutive vertices.
Figure shows five-sided polygon QRSTU. Segments QS , SU , UR , RT and QT
are the diagonals in this polygon.

Diagonals of a polygon can be found with the formula given

below

:
CLASSIFICATION OF
POLYGONS
Polygons first fit into two
general categories— convex and
not convex (sometimes called
concave).
A polygon is concave if there are
two points somewhere inside it for
which a segment with these as its
endpoints cuts at least 2 of the sides
of the polygon.
A polygon that is not concave is
called convex
CLASSIFICATION OF
POLYGONS
 CLASSIFICATION OF
POLYGONS
Polygons are also classified by how many sides (or angles
or vertices) they have. The following lists the different
types of polygons and the number of sides that they have:
A triangle is a three-sided polygon
A quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon.
A pentagon is a five-sided
polygon. A hexagon is a six-sided
polygon.
A septagon or heptagon is a seven-sided
polygon. An octagon is an eight-sided polygon.
A nonagon is a nine-sided polygon.
A decagon is a ten-sided polygon
 REGULAR
POLYGONS
When a polygon is both equilateral and equiangular, it is referred to as a
regular
polygon. For a polygon to be regular, it must also be convex.

.
 SUM OF INTERIOR ANGLES OF
POLYGON

Sum of the interior angles of a polygon = (N - 2) x 180°

Note: Sum of exterior angles of any polygon is always 360
degrees & the sum of interior angles of a polygon can be more or
less than 360 degrees which can be calculated by the formula
given above.
 QUADRILATERAL
S is any shape with 4 sides . The word
A Quadrilateral
“quadrilateral” comes from two Latin words “quadri” which
means ‘a variant of four’ and “lateral” which means side.

PROPERTIES:
 with four sides
 with four angles
 with four vertices
 With one pair of diagonals
 QUADRILATERAL
 S Property: According to this property,
Interior Angle Sum
the sum of the interior angles of the quadrilateral is 360°

 Exterior Angle Sum Property: According to this property,

the sum of the exterior angles of the quadrilateral is 360°
Quadrilateral
s Quadrilateral
(Trapezium)

Parallelogram

Trapezoid Kite

Rectangle Rhombus

Isosceles
Trapezoid
Square
 Types of Quadrilaterals

RECTANGLE
means "right angle"

and show equal

sides

A rectangle is a four-sided shape where every angle is a

right (90°).
angle
 The
Opposite
diagonals
sidesbisect
are parallel
each other.
and congruent .
 The diagonals are congruent.
 RHOMBUS

 A rhombus is a four-sided shape where all sides have equal

length.

 Also opposite sides are parallel and opposite angles are

equal.
Another interesting thing is that the diagonals (dashed lines in
second figure) of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.
 SQUARE

means "right angle"

show equal sides

A square has equal sides and every angle is a right angle

(90°)
 A square can be thought of as a special case of other
for
quadrilaterals,
example:
 a rectangle but with adjacent sides equal
a parallelogram but with adjacent sides equal and the angles all
90°
 a rhombus but with angles all 90°
 PARALLELOGRAM
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with
opposite sides parallel. Also opposite
angles are equal (angles "a“ is same as
angles "b“ ). The opposite sides are
equal .The adjacent angles

are supplementary

and the diagonals

bisects each other ; but they are
not equal.
 It is the "parent" of some other quadrilaterals, which are
obtained by adding restrictions of various kinds:
A rectangle is a parallelogram but with all four interior
angles fixed at 90°.
A rhombus is a parallelogram but with all sides equal in
 TRAPEZIUM

Trapezoid Isosceles Trapezoid

A trapezium is quadrilateral which has at least one pair of

parallel sides
 It is called an Isosceles trapezium if the sides that aren't parallel
are equal in length and both angles coming from a parallel side
are equal
Note : Trapezium is UK terminology & in US terminology it is called as
Trapezoid
 KITE
A kite is a quadrilateral whose four
sides can be grouped into two
pairs of equal-length sides that are
adjacent to each other.

Kite quadrilaterals are named for

the wind-blown, flying kites, which
often have this shape

 Two pairs of adjacent sides of a kite are equal in length

One pair of opposite angles (the ones that are between
the sides of unequal length) are equal in size.
 One diagonal bisects the other.
 Diagonals intersect at right angles.
QUADRILATERAL
S
Green House
(by Wasim Ahmed VIII-B9)