Cell Cycle: Interphase

G1 Phase: It is the first growth phase, transcription

and translation takes place and the proteins and
enzymes needed for cell division are produced.
S Phase: It is the synthesis phase, DNA is duplicated
through replication
G2 Phase: It is the second growth phase, the
organelles divide and protein synthesis takes place.
Prophase 1: IPMAT – CELL DIVISON
- Nucleolus and Nuclear membrane disappear
- Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes
- The centromeres align on opposite poles and produce spindle fibres
Metaphase:
- Chromosomes align on the equatorial plate
- Spindle fibre attach to the centromere
Anaphase:
- Centromere divide and the chromatids are pulled towards the opposite poles by
spindle fibres
Telophase:
- Nucleolus and Nuclear membrane reappear
- Chromosomes decondenses to form chromatin
- Spindle fibres disappear
Cyclins – group of regulatory proteins which regulate or control
the cell cycle.
- There are different cyclins for different phases of the cell cycle
- Unless the threshold concentration is achieved, the phases do
not start.
- For every cyclin, there is a cyclin depended kinase, which is
specific in nature. When there is no cyclin, the cdk is inactive.
When the threshold is achieved the cyclin will come and
attatch and making the cdk active  phosphorylates specific
proteins  proteins become active  perform the task of that
particular phase for which the cyclin is specific
Cytokinesis
Mitotic Index = Cells in Mitosis / Total No of Cells
Applications:
- Tumour
- Hazardous chemicals

Tumours: They are abnormal cell growth due to uncontrollable cell division
- Genes responsible in gene expression are also responsible for tumour formation
Two types: Benign(Don’t split) & Malignant (Split)
Proto-oncogens – promote cell division
Tumor suppreson genes – repress the division
When many mutations happen there is a problem.
Proto-oncogens -> Oncogens (Cell division gets out of control)
Tumor suppreson genes(Mutated) – No longer suppress division
So continuous division  CANCER
Cancer is caused by CARNICOGENS (Mutagens that cause cancer)