CIVIL AVIATION ACADEMY

FIRE FIGHTING COURSE-10

EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Md. Moniruzzaman Talukder

Airport Fire Leader

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 CONTENTS
 Extinguishing Agents.
 Classes of fire.
 Agent selection.
 Types of fire extinguisher and their uses.
 Using procedures of fire extinguisher.
 Fire and fire triangle.
 Methods of extinguishment.
 Minimum usable number of extinguishing
agents according to fire category.

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 OBJECTIVES

After completion of the session the participants will

be able-
• To know various type of fire extinguishing agent.
• Familiarization of Foam, DCP, Co2 & etc.
• To able extinguish various type of fire by
appropriate agent.
• To apply & clarify various type of Foam, DCP.
• How to select store and reduce the misuse of
various type of extinguishing agent.

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 EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

• Extinguishing system contains fire extinguishing

equipments and installation. Generally water, foam,
DCP, CO2 and halons. Quick knock down of fire
requires quick response as well as picking up of the
right extinguisher according to the class of fire.
• Fire is nothing but a chemical reaction that produces
heat and light.
• It can be easily described by fire triangle. The three
basic ingredients required to create fire is the fire
triangle. In absence of any of them fire can be
initiated.
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CLASSES OF FIRE

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 AGENT SELECTION

• Class A – Combustible solid material(wood, paper, cloth etc)

Extinguishing agent – Water, Foam, DCP, Wet

chemical.

• Class B – Flammable liquids( gasoline, kerosene, oils, paints etc)

Extinguishing agent – Foam, DCP, CO2 .

• Class C – Energized electrical equipment.

Extinguishing agent – DCP, CO2 .

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 AGENT SELECTION

• Class D – Combustible metals as Na, K, Li, Mg, Al.

Extinguishing agent – DCP

• Class K/F – Cooking oil fire.

 Extinguishing agent – Wet chemical.

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TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER AND THEIR USES

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MOSTLY USED FIRE EXTINGUISHER

DCP CO2

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 DCP – DRY CHEMICAL POWDER
Advantages:
a) Can use all classes of fire except class
K.
b) Easy to handle.
c) Comparatively cheaper.
d) Higher efficiency.
Disadvantages:
e) It has residue.
f) In confined space fire fighting, it’s DCP Fire Extinguisher

residue causes suffocation or irritation

of breathing.
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 CARBON-DI-OXIDE (CO2 GAS)
Advantages:
a) It has no residue.
b) It is useful for extinguishing the
sophisticate and expensive
electrical equipment fire.
Disadvantages:
c) In open space fire fighting, flash
back may occur.
d) It is less efficient compared to DCP.
e) Comparatively expensive and heavy
to move.
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HOW TO USE

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PAS S

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 TYPES OF EXTINGUISHING AGENTS:

• 1) Water
• 2) Foam
• 3) Dry Chemical Powder(DCP)
• 4) Vaporizing Liquids (Halons)
• 5) Carbon Dioxide(CO2)
• 6) Others.

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 EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
01. PRINCIPAL EXTINGUISHING AGENT.
a) Water.
b) Protein Foam
c) Aqueous Film Forming Foam(AFFF).

02. COMPLEMENTARY AGENT.

a) Dry Chemical Powder(DCP).
b) Carbon dioxide(CO2).
c) Halon etc.

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 FIRE TRIANGLE

Fire is nothing but a chemical reaction that produces heat and light.
It can be easily described by fire triangle. The three basic ingredients required
to create fire is the fire triangle. In absence of any of them fire can be initiated.

Fire Triangle
1. A combustible fuel
2. Oxygen in sufficient quantities

Ox
gey
3. A source of heat.

l
e

n
Fu

Heat
Fig. Diagram of fire triangle.

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 EXTINGUISHMENT OF FIRE.

The 3(three) different methods of

extinguishing fire are-

01) Cooling method – Remove temperature. (Spray)

02) Smothering – Remove oxygen. (Fine Spray)

03) Starvation method – Remove of fuel. ( Jet)

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 WATER.

• Water is a colorless, odorless liquid with

a molecular composition of two atoms
of Hydrogen combined with one atom of
oxygen. At atmospheric pressure its
freezing and boiling points are 0oC and
100oC respectively.

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 SOURCE OF WATER

NATURAL SOURCE ARTIFICIAL SOURCE.

• 01) Rivers, • 01) Ground hydrant,

• 02) Canal, • 02) Overhead hydrant,

• 03) Reserves tank
• 03) Ponds, • 1,30,000(L),

• 04) Rain. • 04) Water bowser,

• 05) Booster pump/Line.

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 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER:

• At ordinary temperature water is heavy, relatively

stable liquid.

• Between 0-100oC it exhibits as a fluid.

• It has high heat absorbing capacity of 4200 J/gm.

• Its Latent Heat of Vaporization is 2260J/gm.

• Its Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice is 336KJ/gm.

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 HSIA WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM:

• Main water supply system of HSIA- In front of CAAB

HQ, capacity 8,30,000 lts.
• Underground tank- under the boarding bridge no-5,
capacity 1,30,000 lts.
• 27 nos. fire hydrant box along with 06 booster lines
at HSIA
• 15 nos. ground T hydrant.
• 2 nos. over head hydrant near HSIA Fire Station.
• Various pond in the airside of HSIA

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 FOAM
Foam
  is a mass of tiny bubbles inflated C0 2
gas hydrocarbon used in liquid fuel fires. It is
used to combat hydrocarbon fuel fires such as
gasoline, kerosene and other jet engine fuels
has lower specific gravity than fuel. The
burning hydrocarbon are controlled by a
cooling and air excluding blanket of foam
which seals the volatile vapors from access to
air or oxygen.
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 FOAM
THE TWO BASIC TYPES OF FOAMING AGENTS ARE-

a) Chemical Foam.
b) Mechanical Foam(Air Foam).

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 CHEMICAL FOAM

Chemical Foam are carbon dioxide (Co2)

filled bubbles produced by the reaction of
solutions of sodium bicarbonate and
aluminum sulphate in the presence of a
foam stabilizer.

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FOAM FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
(Chemical Foam)

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FOAM FIRE EXTINGUISHERS (Chemical Foam)

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 TYPES OF FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS
Foam
• Multi-Purpose Foam Spray
• 9 litres, 6 litres or 2 litres
• Ideal for burning solids and
hydrocarbon liquids.

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TROLY TYPE 50KG SIZE DCP

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 TYPES OF FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Clean non conductive agent
• Ideal for fires involving live
electrical apparatus
• Noisy in operation
• Some parts of the extinguisher
will become very cold

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 EXTINGUISHER COMMON FEATURES

• Locking pin
• Carrying handle / operating lever
• Pressure gauge
• Label :
• Type (Water, C02, Dry Chemical)
• Classification (A, B, C)
• NFPA capacity Rating
• Instructions

• Discharge nozzle or horn

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 ACCORDING TO FIRE CATEGORY MINIMUM
USABLE AMOUNTS OF EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Airport Foam meeting Foam meeting Complementary agents

Fire performance level performance level B
Category A
Water Discharge Water Discharge DCP Halon CO2
(L) rate foam (L) rate foam (kg) (kg) (kg)
(L) (L)
5 8,100 4,500 5,400 3,000 180 180 360

6 11,800 6,000 7,900 4,000 225 225 450

7 18,200 7,900 12,100 5,300 225 225 450

8 27,300 10,800 18,200 7,200 450 450 900

9 36,400 13,500 24,300 9,000 450 450 900

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 MECHANICAL FOAM (AIR FOAM)

Mechanical Foam (Air Foam) produced by

the physical agitation of a mixture of water,
air and a foam liquid concentrate. The
produced foam are based upon concentration
(%), expansion rates and its chemical
composition.

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 MECHANICAL FOAM (AIR FOAM)

There are 5(Five) major types of Foam liquid

concentrates now used for aircraft firefighting-

a) Protein foam
b) Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF)
c) Fluoroprotein foam
d) Film forming fluoro protein (FFFP) foams
e) Synthetic foams

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 PROTEIN FOAM
• Protein foam liquid concentrates are manufactured by
the alkaline or acid hydrolysis of either vegetable or
animal proteins. Examples of vegetable proteins are
soybean or peanut meal. Examples of animal proteins
are feather meal, blood, hoof and horn meal, or fish
scales. Iron salts are always added during the
manufacturing process to provide heat resistance and
mechanical stability to the foam bubbles. Freezing
point depressants and viscosity control agents are also
incorporated in the finished product to provide for
adequate proportioning at low temperatures.

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 AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM (AFFF)

• Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) liquid

concentrate combines the use of fluorocarbon
surfactants and stabilizers and can be used
with fresh water, saltwater or brackish water.
AFFF is assuming an increasingly important
role in firefighting technology. Tests have
proven this product the most efficient fuel
vapor sealing barrier for aircraft crash
firefighting purpose.

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 METHODS OF FOAM

THE 4(Four) DIFFERENT METHODS OF

FOAM ARE-

a) Shaking methods.

b) Building methods.

c) Deflecting methods.

d) Defusing/Diffusion methods.

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 THREE (3) STAGES OF FINISH FOAM:

• Foam concentrate- High protein base liquid.

• Foam solution-The proportion mixture of 6% to
10% of foam, contraction with water.
• Finished Foam- Foam solution after air has
been added. Foam solution after air been
introduced; either through an aspirator cage on
a nozzle or directly in the pump.
• Note: Premix type foam is made by adding a
6% to 10% of foam concentrate by volume
directly into the water tank.
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 FOAM REFILLING:

• Foam refilling of ARFF vehicles are

done by two methods in HSIA
• Over head foam refilling.

• Manual hand pumps foam filling.

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 DRY CHEMICAL POWDER (DCP).

Dry chemical powder is one kind of secondary

extinguishing agents which creates barrier to
remove oxygen on the burning substance at the
time of extinguish fire.

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 DRY CHEMICAL POWDER CONSIST OF-

a) Aluminium base.
b) Sodium.
c) Titanium.
d) Magnesium.
e) Graphite.

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 Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Co2 is a colorless non flammable and odorless gas under normal

conditions. It is one and half times heavier than air. When it is
subjected to high pressure at a temperature less than 31.1 deg. C,
the gas liquefies; this is called the ‘Critical Temperature’.

Storage cylinder pressure is 3360 lbs psi (228.4 bars).

Cylinder bursting pressure is 7000 lbs psi (476 bars at 16 deg C).

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 OTHER AGENTS

• Other agents, such as

dirt, sand, graphite, etc.,
which act as absorbents
lower the evaporation
rate of flammable liquid
fuels and may be
employed when
applicable or when other
extinguishing agents are
not available.

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 NUMBER OF VEHICLES

The minimum number and types of

conventional rescue and fire fighting vehicles
provided at an airport so as to effectively
deliver and deploy the agents specified for the
airport category should be in accordance with
Table 1-1.

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 Table 1-1. MINIUM NUMBER OF VEHICLES
Airport category Rescue and fire fighting vehicles

01 01
02 01
03 01
04 01
05 01
06 02
07 02
08 03
09 03
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 Q&A

QUESTIONNAIRE
SESSION

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THE END

THANK YOU

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