CHARCOAL PRODUCTION

GROUP E
GROUP NAMES
1. Mohamed Abdikadir Osman
2. Faiza Mohamed Hassan
3. Abdirahman Hassan Ali
4. Iqra Hassan Shire
5. Nasra Abdikadir Mire
6. Samira Ali Mohamed
7. Zeinab Omar Mohamed
 INTRODUCTION
 Charcoal, which is referred to as Dhuxul (and firewood as Qoryo) in
Somali, has been the main cooking energy used by millions of
households in Somalia for centuries.
 In the last two decades, charcoal production has intensified and
continues to destroy trees in Somalia, Somalia has lost an average of
76.700 Hectares of forests per year.
 The increasing loss of the natural resource base throughout as evidenced
during the most recent drought event to hit the region in 2010, and the
impacts of which are still in effect today.
 HOW TO PREPARE CHARCOAL IN SOMALIA

Some woods are cut and chopped and then collected to a place, a
donkey cart will take to the suitable place where it should be
burned, the charge of woods are stacked in an excavate and
covered with a large iron sheets or soil.
A burning fire furnace is poured over leaving air pits, it will be
covered with an excavated earth to seal up the chamber allowing
a few small openings for escape of smoke and entry of air.
 The air pits are then smoked with grass and waited from 7 to 10
days, when the grass and woods are seen to be burning it shows
that the woods are dried and carbonization point reached, Then
charcoal is ready
 CHARCOAL EXPORT FROM SOMALIA
Charcoal production in Somalia has been in existence for centuries,
and it has been a widely accepted practice to export charcoal from
Somalia to countries of Arabian Peninsula.
Between 1991 and 2000, around 90 000 tons of total charcoal
production was exported to the Gulf Countries per annum, which
increased to 250 000 tons in 2011 (by Somali government).
UNEP (2005) estimated that 4.4 million trees are logged annually to
produce the 250,000 tons of charcoal that is exported every year
from Somalia to Saudi Arabia, Yemen and the United Arab Emirates.
CONT…
While part of the charcoal exported from Somalia may originate
from neighboring countries like Ethiopia, the bulk of the
exported charcoal is produced in Somalia itself.
Even if national production estimates may be inaccurate the
FAO database indicates a significant increase in production
levels, i.e. from about 180,000 tons in 1961 to 420,000 tons in
1991, to almost 1.2 million tons in 2012.
 IMPACT OF CHARCOAL PRODUCTION ON
ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMY
The natural regeneration of the trees is very slow; as demand generally
outstrips regeneration, deforestation is therefore a serious problem.
Trees have much socio-cultural importance and economical benefits as
well which can be derived or obtained from them,
apart being very essential for the control of soil erosion, Because of
the large-scale deforestation rate that has been going on over the past
15 years, concerns alerting about the dramatic decline of acacia
woodlands due to charcoal production and other uses have been
voiced.
 CONT…
Charcoal is the principal energy source commonly used in urban
households and institutions for cooking and heating.
Economic necessity and lack of enforcement of the country’s
environmental policies has resulted in the indiscriminate cutting of
acacia species for charcoal production by groups while others
opportunistically exploited them for economic gain.
As there has been no detailed studies it effects on the environment and
socio-economy
IMPACTS ON SOIL
For earth-based kilns, charcoal production impacts the soil at two
different levels of intensity.
Intense impact occurs at the kiln site as a result of the extreme
heat generated during the carbonization process and the digging
to make a pit and/or soil to cover the wood pile.
Low impact occurs in the area surrounding the kiln where the
wood is harvested. those of any low impact forest clearing that
does not result in land use change.
 LOCAL HOUSEHOLD ENERGY REQUIREMENT
AND LOW SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS

PROSCAL is in response to the strong commitment of the Federal

Government of Somalia to address the issues of charcoal with the
objectives of stopping the environmental degradation and cutting.
In developing countries wood fuel accounts for 67 to 80% of the
total energy used and is the main source of household energy.
The wood fuel related market is an important source of income for
many people. it can have significant impacts on forest degradation
Wood fuel refers to any energy source that is derived from
woody biomass. These include fuelwood, charcoal, wood
pellets, biogas, cellulosic ethanol, and other forms of bioenergy.
Charcoal is the dominant form of wood fuel used by urban
households in Africa and other developing countries.
Deforestation has become visible in almost every populated
region where charcoal is used as the main source of energy.
Nagaad reveales that 98% of the housewives used charcoal as
their main source of energy (World Health Organization 2011).
 RECOMMENDATION
May in fact suggest the absence of a deficit situation, at least for
most rural household needs. There is a need for further studies to
determine the true fuel-wood situation.
To prepare millions of improved cooking stoves in order to
minimize using of charcoal bags per month by households.
Community awareness is very important point to protect
environmental degradation and reduction of rangeland.
Using alternative energy supply instead of charcoal such as bio-gas.
There is a need to prevent the indiscriminate cutting of trees and to
ensure trees will be conserved on sustained yield basis
An aspect of this management might be that charcoal to be burned
only by people with permits in specified areas, but this is not
realistic, as charcoal production has become widespread occupation
among pastoral communities.