Countries we can go against -

● Kazakhstan-
1. Carbon emissions increased by more than 80% between 2000 and 2014.
2. Land Degradation: Over 48 million hectares of land and up to 36% of forests are
degraded.
3. As a result, soil fertility has decreased by 30-60%, mostly because of wind and water
erosion, as well as severe dust storms that have covered up to 9 million hectares some
years.
4. the average annual mean temperature of Kazakhstan from 1901–2020 has been
increasing, jumping from its average of 5.68 ˚C in 1901 to 8.32 ˚C in 2020.
5. Kazakhstan's near-complete dependence on fossil fuels, particularly coal for heating
and power, and oil and gas for export revenues has caused carbon emissions to
skyrocket.
6. Deforestation has also caused desertification of agricultural land.
Denmark -
1. Denmark produced 27.7 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions in 2022
and it seems like the rate is rising. There is a high carbon footprint in the agricultural
sector and there are also high rates in transportation.
2. In transportation, there was a 51% increase in N20 emissions from cars. There was
also the CO2 commissions have increased by 32%.
3. In agriculture there almost 1.1 million tons of carbon emissions are produced
annually.
4. One major issue is that the country's transportation system remains heavily dependent
on fossil fuels. The production of cement, chemicals, and other goods has also
contributed to high emissions levels.
5. There is also increased economic activity leading to more carbon emissions being
produced.
6. Deforestation in Denmark has been a concern as the country has had one of the lowest
forest cover rates in Europe in recent decades. The main causes include agriculture,
building, and energy production.
● India-
1. India's carbon emissions went up by 233 million metric tons and aviation emissions
increased by 145 million metric tons.
2. Carbon emissions in India are projected to increase in India by 8.2 percent in 2023.
There is a very large carbon footprint.
3. The effects of climate change on the physical world often take center stage in
discussions surrounding it. But what about its economic consequences? The Reserve
Bank of India’s latest report suggests that up to 4.5 percent of India’s GDP could be at
risk by 2030
4. In India, deforestation and the loss of wildlife are critical environmental problems that
demand quick response. Deforestation affects human populations, water supplies, the
environment, and the climate in addition to the loss of animals and forests.
5. India's deforestation rose from 384,000 hectares between 1990 and 2000 to 668,400
hectares between 2015 and 2020. This shows an extreme rise in deforestation.
Ukraine -
1. The country is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases, primarily due to its
reliance on fossil fuels for energy and transportation.
2. One of the main sources of emissions is the country's coal-fired power plants, which
contribute significantly to air pollution and climate change.
3. Thanks to the high climate due to carbon emissions, threats from riverine, urban
floods, and wildfires are considered high. Impacts from climate change make Ukraine
increasingly vulnerable to droughts, high temperatures, heat waves, heavy
precipitation, mudflows, and floods.
4. Deforestation in Ukraine is a significant issue, mainly caused by logging, agricultural
practices, and infrastructure development. From 2001 to 2022, Ukraine lost 91.1 kha
of tree cover from fires because of high carbon emissions and 1.11 Mha from all other
drivers of loss.
5. In Ukraine, some of the main reasons for climate change are emissions from energy
production, transportation, and agriculture, deforestation, and changes in land use.

● Israel -
1. Emissions from Israel's war in Gaza have an 'immense' effect on climate catastrophe.
The planet-warming emissions generated during the first two months of the war in
Gaza were greater than the annual carbon footprint of more than 20 of the world's
most climate-vulnerable nations, new research reveals.
2. In Israel's latest report on GHG emissions in 2023, emissions were measured at
77.415 MtCO2e. These levels are a 35% increase from the emissions from 1996.
3. Annual and mean temperatures are increasing in Israel, with mean temperatures
expected to increase between 1.6 and 1.8 °C (2.9 and 3.2 °F) by 2100.
4. Due to deforestation and land degradation weather will become more unpredictable,
flooding will become even fiercer, and droughts and famine more widespread as land
increasingly gives over to desert.
5. From 2001 to 2022, Israel lost 795 ha of tree cover from fires and 1.87 kha from all
other drivers of loss. The year with the most tree cover loss due to fires during this
period was 2011 with 476 ha lost to fires — 45% of all tree cover loss for that year.

USA -
1. Emissions increased from 2020 to 2021 by 5.2 percent, driven largely by an increase
in carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion due to economic activity
rebounding after the height of the COVID-19 pandemic
2. The largest source of greenhouse gas emissions from human activities in the United
States is from burning fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation.
 3. Since 1970, the Lower 48 states have warmed by 2.5 degrees (1.4 degrees Celsius)
and Alaska has heated up by 4.2 degrees (2.3 degrees Celsius), compared to the global
average of 1.7 degrees (0.9 degrees Celsius), the report said
4. In 2021 alone, it lost 4.22 million acres of forest, equivalent to 775 million tonnes of
carbon dioxide emissions.
5. The country loses an estimated 8 million acres of forest each year, and this has major
environmental, economic, and social implications. Forests provide habitats for
wildlife, help to regulate the climate, and support water supply and soil health.
6. Deforestation in the USA is primarily driven by agricultural practices, logging,
urbanization, and energy production. Clearing forests for crop and pasture land,
logging operations, and building new roads and cities are major causes. Additionally,
the demand for timber products and bioenergy also contributes to deforestation.
Uk -
1. Overall, across 2022, carbon dioxide emissions in the transport sector increased by an
estimated 3.8% (4.2 Mt) from 2021, with it remaining the largest emitting sector in
the UK, accounting for 34.0% of carbon dioxide emissions in 2022. Transport
emissions were still 7.7% (9.4 Mt) lower than in 2019.
2. High carbon emissions in the UK lead to a variety of problems for citizens, including
air pollution, higher energy costs, and health risks. Air pollution caused by carbon
emissions can lead to respiratory problems, such as asthma or bronchitis.
3. Power. Burning fossil fuels to make electricity is the biggest source of carbon
emissions in the UK, which makes it vital that we phase out fossil fuels as quickly as
possible, moving towards a 100% renewable future by 2050.
4. Deforestation in the UK is a significant issue. The primary causes of deforestation in
the UK include commercial logging, a decline in forestry practices, urbanization, and
transportation infrastructure development. The UK has lost a significant amount of its
forested area over the past century, and much of the remaining woodland is
fragmented and isolated.
5.
Germany-
1. This makes iron and steel production the largest sub-sector, by far, with 51 million
tonnes of CO2 emissions. In second place are emissions from cement and lime
production, which caused 27 million tonnes in 2022. In third place, we find the
chemical industry, which emitted 14 million tonnes of CO2 in 2022.
2. Climate change is leading to long-term impacts on agriculture in Germany, more
intense heatwaves and cold waves, flash and coastal flooding, and reduced water
availability.
3. The average annual temperature was about 8.5 °C in the years after 1951 and about
10.6 °C in the last years before 2022. So in less than 72 years, it has increased by
about 2.1 °C.
4. Forest loss in Germany is considerably higher than previously thought. The Sentinel-2
and Landsat-8 satellites reveal the extent of the damage for the first time: the conifer
forests in the middle of Germany are affected the most.
 5. Through deforestation, the bark beetles are deprived of food, thus preventing their
ability to spread. In 2010, Germany had 12.8 Mha of natural forest, extending over
36% of its land area.
Iraq-
1-aq carbon (CO2) emissions for 2020 was 163,511.50, a 9.51% decline from 2019.

2-Many areas in Iraq lack proper waste collection infrastructure. In some cases, waste is
disposed of in open spaces or dumped in unauthorized areas, leading to environmental and
health hazards.

3-Landfills in Iraq have often been poorly managed, lacking environmental safeguards. This
has resulted in pollution and potential health risks for nearby communities.

4-In some regions of Iraq, water scarcity has been a challenge. This can lead to changes in
land use and may contribute to the degradation of forested areas.

5- Environmental Impact: The reliance on fossil fuels has environmental

consequences, including air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Iraq has been
facing environmental challenges related to oil extraction and refining processes.

Iran -
Carbon emissions -
Carbon emissions in Iran have increased significantly in recent years, mainly due to the
growing demand for energy from fossil fuels. According to the World Bank, Iran is the fourth
largest emitter of greenhouse gases globally, accounting for around 6% of total global
emissions. The country's reliance on natural gas and oil for electricity generation and
transportation is a significant contributor to its carbon footprint.
Waste management -
Air pollution -
Air pollution in Iran is a significant environmental challenge tied to numerous health hazards.
Tehran regularly experiences high levels of air pollution, often triggered by sandstorms and
vehicle emissions. However, other cities like Isfahan and Qom also struggle with poor air
quality. The current PM2. 5 concentration in Iran is 1.1 times above the recommended limit
given by the WHO 24-hour air quality guidelines value.

Deforestation -
Deforestation in Iran has become a significant concern in recent years due to various factors
such as agricultural expansion, urbanization, and infrastructure development. According to
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Iran lost approximately
325,000 hectares of forest cover between 2000 and 2014. This has led to the loss of
biodiversity, soil erosion, and increased greenhouse gas emissions.

Reliance on fossil fuels -

Iran is heavily reliant on fossil fuels, with petroleum and natural gas accounting for
over 4/5 of its total energy consumption and exports. The country's economy is
heavily oil-dependent, with oil revenue representing around 80% of government
exports and nearly 50% of its GDP.
Transportation -
Transportation in Iran has a significant impact on carbon emissions. Iran is home to
over 33 million vehicles, which contribute to its high levels of air pollution and
greenhouse gas emissions. The majority of these vehicles are powered by gasoline,
which is heavily subsidized by the government. The lack of public transportation
options and the prevalence of personal cars make the country's transportation
infrastructure heavily reliant on private vehicles. Additionally, the poor quality of fuel
and vehicle maintenance also contribute to increased carbon emissions. Overall, the
transportation sector accounted for 24% of Iran's total greenhouse gas emissions in
2019.
Lack of funding -
Iran is a country that relies heavily on fossil fuels, such as oil and natural gas, for
both domestic energy needs and export earnings. The country has significant oil and
natural gas reserves, but in recent years there has been a growing debate about the
lack of funding for the production of fossil fuels in Iran. The government of Iran has
been investing in the production of fossil fuels, but there is still a need for additional
funding from private sector investors and international partners.

Norway-
● Norway continues to support an expansion of oil and gas exploration in its already
large fossil fuel sector. Norway's exported fossil fuels are a large source of global
emissions when their eventual combustion is taken into account.
● All climate scenarios indicate that all seasons in all regions of Norway will become
warmer this century. Low, mean, and high projections depict the annual mean
temperature rising by 2.3 °C, 3.4 °C, and 4.6 °C respectively by 2100.
● Norway produced 32.1 million metric tons of carbon dioxide (MtCO₂) emissions in
2022.
● Deforestation in Norway has been a significant issue in recent years. With high
demands for wood and paper products worldwide, Norway has experienced an
increase in deforestation activities. Additionally, new developments such as
urbanization and hydropower projects have contributed to the clearing of forests.
● The biggest driver of deforestation is agriculture. Farmers often rid their land of trees
to make room for livestock using a slash-and-burn process. When trees are burned,
they release CO2, one of the biggest contributors to climate change.