EML 3004C

Chapter 6: Center of Gravity and Centroid

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-1
 EML 3004C

Chapter 6.1 C.G and Center of Mass

WR   Wi

Taking moments about point O

Wx  W1 x1  W2 x2  ...

x  Wx i i

W
We can replace W by
Volume V At
W=  
specific Gravity  

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-2
 EML 3004C

Chapter 6.1 C.G and Center of Mass..2

x  Wx i i

Ax
i i
W A

y  Wy i i
 Ay i i

W A

The same way you can

find the centroid of the
line and the volume.

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-3
 EML 3004C

Example 6-2 (pg.251, sections 6.1-6.3)

Locate the centroid of the area shown in figure

Solution I
Differential Element. A differential element of
thickness dx is shown in the Figure. The
element intersects the curve at the arbitrary
point (x,y), and so it has a height of y.
Area and Moment Arms. The area of the
element is dA=y dx, and its centroid is located
at x  x, y  y
2

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-4
 EML 3004C

Con’t Example 6-2 (pg. 251, Sections 6.1-6.3)

Integrations. Applying Equations 6-5 and integrating

with respect to x yields

1 1

x
 A
x dA


0
xy dx

 0
x 3 dx

0.250
 0.75
1 1
 A
dA
 0
y dx 
0
x 2 dx 0.333
1 1

y
 A
y dA


0
( y / 2) y dx

 0
( x 2 / 2) x 2 dx

0.100
 0.3m
1 1
 A
dA
0
y dx 0
x 2 dx 0.333

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-5
 EML 3004C

Con’t Example 6-2 (pg. 251, Sections 6.1-6.3)


Solution II


Differential Element. The differential
element of thickness dy is shown in
Figure. The element intersects the curve
at the arbitrary point (x,y) and so it has a
length (1-x).

Area and Moment Arms. The area of the
element is dA = (1-x) dy, and its centroid
is located at
 1 x  1 x
x  x    , y  y
 2  2

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-6
 EML 3004C

Con’t Example 6-2 (pg. 251, Sections 6.1-6.3)


Integrations. Applying Equations 6-5 and integrating with respect
to y, we obtain
1 1 1
 x dA  (1  x) / 2 (1  x) dy
2 0
(1  y ) dy
0.250
x A
 0
1
 1  0.75m
A dA  (1  x ) dy
0  (1  y ) dy
0
0.333
1 1
  
3/ 2
y dA (y (1  x) dy
y  y ) dy 0.100
y= A
 1
0
 1
0
  0.3m
A dA  (1  x) dy  (1  y ) dy 0.333
0 0

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-7
 EML 3004C

Chapter 6: In-class exercise

Assume the following:

h=6m b=3m. Find x and y

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-8
 EML 3004C

Example 6-6 (pg. 261, Sections 6.1-6.3)

Locate the centroid C of the cross-sectional area for the
T-beam
Solution I
The y axis is
placedx 0 the axis ofysymmetry so that
along
To obtain we will establish the x axis
(reference axis) thought the base of the area.l The
area is segmented into two rectangles and y the
centroidal location for each is established.
y
 
yA

5in. (10 in.) (2 in.) + 11.5 in  (3 in.)(8 in.)
A (10 in.) (2 in.) + (3 in.)(8 in.)
 8.55in.

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-9
 EML 3004C

Con’t Example 6-6 (pg. 261, Sections 6.1-6.3)

Solution II

Using the same two segments, the x axis can be located at the top
of the area.yA
 Here
y
 
 1.5in. (3 in.) (8 in.) + -8 in  (10 in.)(2 in.)
A (3 in.) (8 in.) + (10 in.)(2 in.)
  4.45in.
The negative sign indicates that C is located
below the origin, which is to be expected.
Also note that from the two answers
8.55 in + 4.45 in =13.0 in., which is the
depth of the beam as expected

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-10
 EML 3004C

Con’t Example 6-6 (pg. 261, Sections 6.1-6.3)

Solution III

It is also possible to consider the cross-

sectional area to be one large rectangle less
two small rectangles. Hence we have

y
 
yA

 6.5in. (13 in.) (8 in.) - 2 5 in  (10 in.)(3 in.)
A (13 in.) (8 in.)  2(10 in.)(3 in.)
 8.55in.

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-11
 EML 3004C

Problem 6-30 (pg. 264, Sections 6.1-6.3)

Determine the distance y to the centroid of the shaded area.

Solution
Segment A(mm 2 ) y (mm)  (mm3 )
yA
1 300(600)=180(10)3 300 54(10)6
1
2 (300)(600) = 90(10)3 200 18(10)6
2
1
3 ( )(300) 2 =141.37(10) 3 -127.32 -18(10)6
2
4 -( )(100) 2   31.71(10)3 0 0
 379.96(10) 3 54(10)6

y =
 yA


54(10) 6
=142 mm
 A 379.96(10) 3

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-12
 EML 3004C

6.6 Moments of Inertia For Areas


By definition moments of inertia with
respect to any axis (i.e. x and y) are

I x   y 2 dA , I y   x 2 dA
A A

Polar moment of inertia

J  or J   r dA   ( x  y ) dA  I  I
o z
A
2

A
2 2

x y

Always positive value

Units: m , in
4 4

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-13
 EML 3004C

Geometric Properties of An Area and Volume Geometric

Properties of An Area and Volume (page 786-787)

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-14
 EML 3004C

Geometric Properties of An Area and Volume Geometric

Properties of An Area and Volume (page 786-787)

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-15
 EML 3004C

Con’t 6.6 Moments of Inertia For Areas


Example 6.14
Lets proof I and I for rectangular area
x y

Solution
Part (a)
I   y dA   y (b dy)  b  y dy
x
A
2 h/2
h / 2
2 h/2
h / 2
2

1
 bh 3

12
Part (b)
1
I  hb 3

12
y

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-16
 EML 3004C

Example 6-15 (pg. 287 Sections 6.8-6.9)

Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area about the x axis.
Solution I (CASE I)
A differential element of area that is parallel to the
x axis is chose for integration.
dA =(100-x) dy.
Limits of integration wrt y, y=0 to y=200 mm

I x   y 2 dA   y 2 (100  x ) dy
A A

200 y2 200 1 200 4

  y (100 2
) dy  100  y dy 
2
 y dy
0 400 0 400 0

 107(106 ) mm 4

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-17
 EML 3004C

6-7 Parallel-Axis Theorem


If we know Moment of Inertia of a given axis, we can compute
M.I about another parallel axis

2
I x   ( y  d y ) 2 dA   y2 dA 2d y  y  dA  d y  dA
A
A   A   
A
1 2 3

1. Moment of inertia with respect to x axis (centroidal axis)  I x

2. is zero, since y  0  ydA  y  dA
2
3. Ad y

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-18
 EML 3004C

Con’t 6-7 Parallel-Axis Theorem


As a result:
2
I x  I x  Ad y
2
similarly I y  I y  Ad x
and
J 0  J c  Ad 2
For composite body:
2
I x   I xi   Ai di

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-19
 EML 3004C

Con’t 6-7 Parallel-Axis Theorem

I , I : moment of inertia of a body with respect to centroidal axis
x y

( x and y)
A : total area of body
d : distance between two parallel axes (i.e. x and x or y and y)
I , I : moment of inertia of segment of i in the body with respect to
x i y i

centroidal axis ( x and y)

i i

A : area of segment i
i

I  I  Ad
2

x x y

I  I  Ad
2

y y x

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-20
 EML 3004C

Con’t Example 6-15 (pg. 287 Sections 6.8-6.9)

Solution II (CASE 2)
A differential element parallel to the y axis
is chosen for integration.

Use the parallel-axis theorem to determine

the moment of inertia of the element with
respect to this axis.

For a rectangle having a base b and height h,

the moment of inertia about its centroidal
axis is
1 3
I x  bh
12

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-21
 EML 3004C

Con’t Example 6-15 (pg. 287 Sections 6.8-6.9)

Solution II (CASE 2)
For the differential element , b = dx and h = y,
and thus 1
dI x  dx y 3
12
Since the centroid of the element is at y  y / 2
from the x axis, the moment of inertia of the
element about this axis is 2
2 1 3   1 3
y
dI x  dI x  dA y  dx y  y dx    y dx
12 2 3

1 3 100 1
I x   dI x   y dx   (400 x)3/ 2 dx
A3 0 3

107 (106 ) mm 4

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-22
 EML 3004C

Example 6-18
Solution :
1. I x

Rectangle A
1
I  I  Ad  (100)(300)  (100)(300)(200)
2
y
3 2

12
x1 x

1.425 10 mm 9 4

Rectangle B
1
I  (600)(100)  0.05  10 mm 3 9 4

12
x2

Rectangle D
1
I  I  Ad  (100)(300)  (100)(300)(200)  1.425  10 mm
2
y
3 2 9 4

12
x3 x

Total I  I  I  I  1.425  10  0.05 10  1.425  10  2.9  10 mm

x x1 x2 x3
9 9 9 9 4

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-23
 EML 3004C

Con’t Example 6-18

2. I y

Rectangle A
1
I  I  Ad  (300)(100)  (100)(300)(250)
2
x
3 2

12
y1 y

1.90  10 mm 9 4

Rectangle B
1
I  (100)(600)  1.80 10 mm 3 9 4

12
y2

Rectangle D
1
I  I  Ad  (300)(100)  (100)(300)(250)  1.90  10 mm
2
x
3 2 9 4

12
y3 y

Total I  I  I  I  1.90  10  1.80  10  1.90  10  5.6  10 mm

y y1 y2 y3
9 9 9 9 4

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-24
 EML 3004C

Example 6-17 (pg. 291, Sections 6.8-6.9)


Determine the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area of the
T-beam about the centroidal x axis.

In class workout

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-25
 EML 3004C

Problem 6-87 (pg. 294, Sections 6.8-6.9)


Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area with
respect to a horizontal axis passing through the centroid of
the section

Solution:

y 
  1(2)(6)  5(6)(1)
yA
  2.333in
A 2(6)  1(6)
1 1
I xx  (6)(2)  2(6)(2.333  1)  (1)(6)3  1(6)(5  2.333)2  86in 4
3 2

12 12

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-26
 EML 3004C

Problem 6-92 (pg. 294, Sections 6.8-6.9)


Determine the moment of inertia of the
beam’s cross-sectional area about the y
axis

Solution:
1 1 
I y  (2)(6)  2  (4)(1)3  1(4)(1.5)2   54.7 in 4
3

12 12 

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-27
 EML 3004C

Problem 6-8 (pg. 257, Sections 6.1-6.3)

Determine the location ( x , y ) of the centroid of the
quarter elliptical plate.

Solution
Area of the differential element

b 2
dA  y dx  b 2  x 2 dx
a2

y 1 2 b2 2
and x  x, y   b  x .
2 2 a2

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-28
 EML 3004C

Con’t Problem 6-8 (pg. 257, Sections 6.1-6.3)

Con’t Solution

b 2
a 2 2
0 x b  2 x dx
 A x dA a 4
x    a
 A dA 2 3
2
a b  b 2 dx
0 x
a2
2  2 
a 1 2 b 2  b2  b 2 dx 
0 b x x
2 a 2  a 2 
A 
y dA   4
y    a
 A dA 2 3
a 2 b 2
0 b  2 x dx
a
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-29
 EML 3004C

Chapter 6: Concludes….

Namas Chandra Hibbeler

Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-30