MADE

CS
SI EA
PHY

SY

PHYSICS MADE EASY

BY: AMIT SAXENA (Mob. 9953285721)

Class Notes [ XII CBSE]

1
CHAPTER
Electrostatics
(Concept 16 to Concept 20)

Concept-16: Electric Field Intensity at an Axial Point of a Uniformly Charged

Circular Ring

  kdq kdq

| dE p A |  | dE pB |  2
  dE (Let)
 x  a2
2
x2  a2 

dq ‘A’
Now E   dE cos 
+ + + dE sin 
x 2+ a2 dEpB = dE
+ a +
kdq x x 
  + + dE cos 
2
x a 2
x  a2
2  dE cos 
+ +
+ + + dE sin  dEpA = dE
Q
kx dq ‘B’
 dq
( x  a 2 )3/2 0
2

kx
 2 2 3/2
 q Q0
(x  a )

kQx
 Eaxial 
( x  a 2 )3/2
2

Note : At the centre of the ring; x = 0 and  Ecentre = Zero

Q.21. Derive an expression for electric field intensity at the centre of a uniformly charged semi-circular ring
having linear charge density C/m.

CLASS NOTES (C-16 to C-20) 1 ELECTROSTATICS

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Concept-17: Trajectory of a charge particle in a Uniform External Electric Field

1. If a charge particle enters a uniform external electric field either parallel or anti-parallel to the field direction, it
describes a linear trajectory i.e., it moves in a straight line path.

2. In all other cases, the charge particle will describe a parabolic path.
E  E j (x, y)
0
B

A
y Deflection due
m, q A to electric field
U  U 0i

N
(0, 0)
(x = 0) (x = x )

Initial velocity
x-axis
Ux = U0 Uy = 0
E
y-axis

Acceleration ax = 0
X qE
ay  0
m

A  B ( x - axis)
Displacement Sx

A Sy

S
1
S x  U x t  ax t 2
2
 x  U 0t

T
x
 t
U0

A B (y-axis)
1
S y  u yt  ayt 2
2 I
 y
1 qE0  x 
2 m  u0 
M 2

A
y

 Parabola
qE0 x 2
2mu02
i.e., y  x 2

Note : If different charge particles enter the same uniform external electric field with the same initial velocity
perpendicular to field direction, then the deflection produced by the electric field is directly proportional to the
q
specific charge of the particle i.e. y 
m

CLASS NOTES (C-16 to C-20) 2 ELECTROSTATICS

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Q.22. In the given figure three different charged particles 1, 2 and 3 enter a region of electric field as shown.
Identify the nature of charged in each particle and arrange the three particle in decreasing order of their specific
charge.
1

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
3
A
N
Q.23. A proton, deutron and an alpha particle enter the same region of uniform electric field with the same initial
velocity perpendicular to the field direction. Arrange in decending order, the deflection suffered by the three

E
particles. Also find the ratio of the deflection suffered by the three particles.

Concept-18: Electric Field Lines or Electric Lines of Force

1.
X
Electric field lines are defined as imaginary lines which describe the path followed by a positive test charge when
it is left free to move in a region of electric field.
2. Electric field lines have the following properties:-

A
(a) They emerge out of a positive charge and enter into a negative charge.

S
(b) The tangent at any point to an electric field line gives the direction of electric field intensity at that point.
(c) No two electric field lines can intersect each other.
Note : If two electric field lines intersect each other then at their point of intersection two different tangents
can be drawn in two different directions. This would mean that at one point, the electric field intensity has to

T
directions - which is impossible. Hence electric field lines cannot intersect each other.
(d) Electric field lines are alwsays normal or perpendicular to the surface of the conductor.

I
Note: The surface of a conductor is an equipotential surface and hence no work can be done in moving any
charge between any two points on the surface of a conductor. Hence electric field intensity cannot have any
component along the surface of the conductor.

M
(e) Electric field lines (due to electrostatic field) cannot form closed loops.
Note: In electrostatic conditions, the net charge as well as net electric field inside a conductor is zero. Hence
there can be no electric field lines inside the conductor.

A
Q.24. The given figure shows a copper sphere placed in a uniform external electric field which is directed horizontally
to the right. Which the following lines correctly represents the electric field lines passing through the copper
sphere.

1
2
3

CLASS NOTES (C-16 to C-20) 3 ELECTROSTATICS

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Concept-19: Electric Flux

 
  E A
Electric flux

E : Electric field intensity

A : Area vector
  EA cos 
1.

2.
outwards.
Electric flux is a scalar quantity and has units of Nm2/C A
By convention, the direction of area vector is taken as normal or perpendicular to the surface and directed

3.

N
Conceptually electric flux signifies the number of electric field lines entering or leaving the surface normal to
it.

E
4. Electric flux can also be calculated using Gauss Theorem which states that the surface integral of electric field
1
intensity over a closed surface in vaccum (which is basically the elecric flux through the surface) is  times
0

the charge enclosed by the closed surface

i.e.
 
 E  ds =
qenclosed
X
A
0
 
5. Electric flux should be calculated using the formula   E  A when the direction of electric field intensity

S
in the question remains constant.
6. Electric flux should be calculated using Gauss theorem when the direction of electric field intensity in
the question does not remain constant.

Q.25. Find the electric flux of E  20iˆ N / C through a square plate of side 10 cm if the square plate is kept in
(a) x-y plane

I T
(b) x-z plane (c) y-z plane

Q26. A uniform electric field of 100 N/C is directed along the positive x-axis. What will be the electric flux of this
field through a square plate of area 25 cm2 if
(a) electric field is parallel to the plane of the square.

M
(b) electric field is perpendicular to the plane of the square.
(c) the plane of the square makes an angle of 30° with the positive x-axis

Q.27. Find the electric flux of E  E0iˆ through the given cube of edge length ‘a’ at shown in the figure.

A z-axis

y-axis

x-axis
a


Q.28. What would be your answer to previous question if E  (5 x  2)iˆ N / C and a = 10 cm.

CLASS NOTES (C-16 to C-20) 4 ELECTROSTATICS

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Q.29. A charge ‘q’ is placed at the centre of a cube. Find the electric flux through the cube and also through each of
its faces.

Q.30. A charge ‘q’ is placed at one of the corners of a cube. Find the electric flux through the cube.

Q.31. What would be the flux through the cube if this charge was placed at one of the (a) edge centres (b) face
centres.

Q.32. A chargeq q is placed vertically above ‘a’ square plate of side a as shown in the figure. Find the electric flux
of the charge through the square plate.

A
q

a/2

N
a
E
X
Q.33. Electric dipoles are kept inside a cube. Find the electric flux through the cube.

Concept-20: Applications of Gauss Theorem

1.
2.
A
A Gaussian surface is an equipotential surface at every point of which the potential remains constant.
The magnitude of electric field intensity also remains constant at every point of the Guassian surface.
3.
the sphere.

S
For a stationary point charge, the Gaussian surface is a sphere with the stationary point charge at the centre of

4. For a linear charge distribution, the Gaussian surface is a cylinder with the linear charge along the axis of the
cylinder.

I
Note : (i) If E  20iˆ N / C ,
T
5. For a uniform electric field, the Gaussian surface is a plane perpendicular to the direction of electric field.

then y-z plane will be the Gaussain surface. (Equation : x = 0)


(ii) E  15kˆ N / C

M
then x-y plane will be the Gaussain surface. (Equation : z = 0)

A
APPLICATION-1: Proof of Coulomb’s law using Gauss Theorem
By Gauss Theorem
  q
 E  ds  enc0 r
q
q
  E ds cos 0  0 
A E
q
 E  ds  

ds
0

q
 E (4r 2 ) 
0

CLASS NOTES (C-16 to C-20) 5 ELECTROSTATICS

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q
 E
4 0 r 2
Let a charge q0 be placed at point ‘A’. Hence the on q0 due to the electric field of q is given by F = q0E
 q 
 F  q0  2 
 4 0 r 
1  qq0 
 F  
40  r 2 

Hence &
F  qq0 

1  Coulomb's Law
F 2 
A
N
r 

APPLICATION-2: Electric field intensity due to a uniformly charged spherical conductor (or spherical shell)

E
By the principle of electrostatic shielding any charge given to a conductor resides on the outer surface of the
conductor. In other words net charge inside a conductor is always zero in electrostatic condition.
Case-1: r < R (The point is inside the conductor)
By Gauss theorem


  q
E  ds  enc
'Q'
++ + ++ X
A
0 + +
+ R +
 qenc + +
  E ds cos 0  + +

S
0 + r +
+ S +
+ +
qenc ++ + +
 E  ds  +
n

 E (4r 2 ) 

or E
qenc
qenc
0

40 r 2 I T
But
qenc
0
M
A
 E = 0

Case-2: r > R (Point is outside the conductor)

By Gauss Theorem
 
 E  ds 
qenc
0 +
+ + + + + 'Q'
+
+ R +
+ +
 qenc + +
  E ds cos 0  0
+
+
r
+
+
+ +
++ + +
qenc +
 E  ds 
n

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qenc
 E (4r 2 ) 
0
qenc
or E
40 r 2
But qenc  Q

Q 1
 E 2 i.e., E  2
4 0 r r

Case-3: r = R (Point is on the surface of the conductor)

Q A
N
E
4 0 R 2
Note:

E
(i) For points lying outside the conductor, the conductor behaves like a stationary point charge with all the charge
concentrated at its centre.
E
 Q 
 R, 4 R 2 
 0 
X
A
(ii) 1
E
r2
E=0 r

S
r < R (R, 0) r > R

(iii) E is discontinuous across the surface of a conductor..

(iv) E is maximum on the outer surface of the conductor..

charge density ‘’ C/m3

T
APPLICATION 3: Electric field intensity due to a uniformly charged sphere having a uniform volume

I
Case-1: r < R (The point is inside the sphere)
By Gauss Theorem
  q

  E ds cos 0 o
M
 E  ds  enc0
qenc
++
++
+ + ++R
++ ++
r+ +
+ ++ ++

A 0 + ++
qenc
 E  ds 
0
4
  r 3
 E (4r 2 )  3
0
r
 E i.e. E  r
3 0

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Case 2: r > R (Point is outside the sphere)

By Gauss Theorem
  qenc
  E  ds  
0 ++
+ + +++
q + +
  Eds cos 0  enc + + ++ ++
0 + + R++
r + ++
qenc
 E  ds 
0

 E (4r ) 
4
  R 3
3
0
2

A
 E
R
3 0 r
3

2
1
i.e., E  2
r
N
Case 3: r = R (Point is on the surface of the sphere)

E
X
R
E
3 0
Note :

E
 R 
 R, 3  
 0 
A
Er
E
1
r2
S
r < R (R, 0) r > R

linear charge density  C/m

By Gauss Theorem
r

I T
APPLICATION 4: Electric field intensity due to an infinite linear charge distribution having a uniform

E
  qenc
 . ds  0
M E E
ds
E E

A
      q
  E  ds   E  ds   E  ds  enc r
Cap 1 curved Cap 2
0 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
  ds ds
Zero Zero r

 l
  Eds cos 0 
0 E E E E
curve
ds

 E  ds 
curve
0


 E (2r ) 
0

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 1
 E i.e., E
20 r r
Note: E

1
E
r

A
r

APPLICATION 5: Electric field intensity due to a thin, infinte plane sheet of charge having uniform surface

N
charge density ‘’ C/m2
By gauss Theorem  
 
  q E ds ds E

E
 E  ds  enc0 +
+
A + + A
      qenc ds
 + + 
ds
 E  ds   E  ds   E  ds  0 +

X
 +
Cap 1 curved Cap 2 + +

Zero
+

+ 
ds ds

A
q
 2  Eds cos 0  encl
Cap
0
A

S
 2E  ds 
Cap
0
A
 2 E ( A) 
0

 E

 constant
2 0
E

I T

Note :  0,
 

 2 0 
M
A r

Q.34. Find the magnitude of direction of electric field intensity at point A B and C in each of the following cases,
Gi en that the surface charge density on each sheet is of the same magnitude.
+ +
+ +
+  + 
+ E B2  + E C1
+ + E B1 + + 
 E C2
(i) E A1 
A + + B + + C
E A2
+ + + +
+ +
+ +

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  
EA    ; towards left
2 0 2 0 0
 
EB    Zero
2 0 2 0
  
EC    ; towards right
2 0 2 0 0

+ –

A
+ –
+ + B – –
A + – C
 + –
E A1  + + E  – – E 
E A2 + B1 E B2 – E C1
+ – C2

N
+ –
+ –


E
(i) E A  0 (ii) EB   towards right (iii) EC = 0
0

#
X
A
S
I T
M
A
CLASS NOTES (C-16 to C-20) 10 ELECTROSTATICS