The Turbofan

Art. 5.5
Page 177 (text)

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TURBOFAN-SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
 Turbofan Engine
• It is known that for a given fuel flow rate, the thrust can be
increased by increasing air flow rate.
• Increased air flow can be achieved by simply enlarging the
engine.
• But this demands bigger components that makes engine
expensive as well as heavy.
• The turbofan achieves the same purpose in a much lighter and
cheaper configuration.

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 Turbofan Engine
• It has been established that for f<<1,
(where f=mf/ma)the propulsive efficiency
and the thrust are approximated as:
p 
2ua
and   m a ue  ua 
ue  ua 
1
• From these eqs, we can obtain: p 
  
• Thus for a given flight speed, ηp 1  
 2m u a 
can be raised by reducing specific thrust.
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 Turbofan Engine
• Fig 5.23 (text) compares
the propulsion efficiency
of different types of
engines. It is observed:
– By-pass turbojet (turbofan)
has higher ηp at all flight
speeds as compared with
pure turbojet.
– Below 400 mph, turboprop
has best ηp but it falls
rapidly at higher speeds. Fig 5.23 (text)
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 Turbofan Engine
• The idea of turbofan was originally conceived as a method of
improving the propulsive efficiency by reducing the mean jet
velocity (ue).
• It was found that reduction in ue helped in reducing the exhaust
jet noise such that:
– Noise intensity ~ (ue)8
• In turbofan, flow ‘by passes’ the core engine and is made of
two components:
– Cold stream thrust
– Hot stream thrust

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 Turbofan Engine
• A turbofan engine has a large fan at the front, which sucks in
air.
• Most of the air flows around the outside of the engine, making
it quieter and giving more thrust at low speeds.
• Most of today's airliners are powered by turbofans.
• In a turbojet all the air entering the intake passes through the
gas generator, which is composed of the compressor,
combustion chamber, and turbine.

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 Turbofan Engine
• In a turbofan engine only a portion of the incoming air goes
into the combustion chamber.
• The remainder passes through a fan, or low-pressure
compressor, and is ejected directly as a "cold" jet or mixed
with the gas-generator exhaust to produce a "hot" jet.
• The objective of this sort of bypass system is to increase
thrust without increasing fuel consumption.
• It achieves this by increasing the total air-mass flow and
reducing the velocity within the same total energy supply.

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 Turbofan Types

(Military applications)

(Commercial applications)

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 TURBOFAN

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 Schematic of Turbofan
Single-Spool, Front-Fan Configuration

(1’) (2’) (8) (9)

(a) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (7)

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Thermodynamic Analysis
Define Bypass ratio as β = (cold flow rate) / (hot flow rate)
.

  mac .
maH

Objective is to define thrust as a function of design parameters

 = f( maH, β, T04, Po3/P02, Ta, M, Po3/Pa, ηcomp, γ, etc)
Now recall the thrust equation for dual stream engine
 . .
 . .
   maH  m f U eH  maH U a  mac U ec  U a 
 
 PeH  Pa AeH  Pec  Pa Aec

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 Thermodynamic Analysis
For the turbofan engine, this eqn becomes
. .
  maH 1  f U 7  U a   maH  U 9  U a  
P7  Pa A7  P9  Pa A9
For the optimum expansion of Nozzle/s; P7=P9=Pa
.
  maH 1  f U 7  U 9  U a 1   
Specific thrust eqn for Turbofan with both
nozzles fully expanded is given as .
mf f
 .  1  f U 7  U 9  U a 1    TSFC 


 .
maH maH

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 Thermodynamic Analysis
• To compute these two performance parameters, the primary
air thermodynamic analysis is done which includes computing
exhaust velocities and the ‘f’.
• This analysis is same as that of Turbojet engine, except now
turbine work is equal to compressor plus the fan work.
• For hot nozzle Exit velocity without A/B, we know state 06 =05
 1
  
  P7  

U 7  2c p nH T05 1   
  P05  
 
Here, Po5/P7 = (P05/P04) (P04/P03) (P03/P02) (P02/Pa) (Pa/P7)
All we need is to find each pressure ratio
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 Thermodynamic Analysis
Po5/P7 = (P05/P04) (P04/P03) (P03/P02) (P02/Pa) (Pa/P7)

Here, (P05/P04) is found from the turbine work balance

(P04/P03) is usually = 1 or obtained from burner efficiency
(P03/P02) is the known pressure ratio across the compressor

 1
P02    1  2 
 1   d  M a 
Pa   2  
Finally, the (Pa/P7) = 1 if un choked C Nozzle (ie fully expanded)
Otherwise, P7 is known from critical pressure ratio.

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 Thermodynamic Analysis
For (P05/P04), the turbine work balance is given as
For compressor
. .
 M maH 1  f c pH (To 4  To 5 )  maH c pc (To 3  To 2 ) 
.
 maH c pc (To8  T 'o 2 )
Mechanical For turbine
efficiency For fan

Here, cph is for hot (after combustion) gases and

cpc is for cold (or before combustion) gases

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Thermodynamic Analysis
After rearranging, we get by realizing, To2 = Toa

 To 3    To8  
  T   1     T   1 ………….. (A)
To 5  o2     o 2'  
1 
To 4  c pH  T
M   1  f  o 4 

 c pc   Toa 
 1
Here To 3 
1  Po 3   Here, compressor
 1     1 pressure ratio is known
P 
To 2  c  o2  

 1
To8 
1  Po8  
 fan pressure ratio is
and  1  P   1 also known
To 2'  f  o 2'  
 
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 Thermodynamic Analysis
Therefore, after substituting them into the equation A, we get
 1  1
   
1  Po 3     Po8  
   1     1
  Po 2     Po 2'  
To 5 c
  f
 
1 
To 4  c pH   To 4 
M  c 1  f  T  …….. (B)
 pc   oa 
 1
Also for the To 5  P  
 1    1   o5  
turbine t  P 
To 4   o4  

 1
Po 5  1 1  To 5  …….. (C)
or  1   
Po 4  t  To 4 

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Thermodynamic Analysis
Now substituting from equation B into C, we get

  1  1
  P  1
   
 1    Po8  


  o 3 
 1   P  
1 
  Po2    f  o2 
'  
Po 5  1  c   
 1  
Po 4  t  c pH   To 4 
  M  c 1  f  T  
   pc   oa  
  
c pH  To 4   1
c pc  To 3 
Where f 
H R  To 4  c pH
b 
T  c pc
c pTo 3  o3 

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Thermodynamic Analysis
U9 can be obtained from the secondary nozzle
h08  h9 T08  T9
 Nc  
h08  h9 s T08  T9 s
U 29
But h08 = h09 and h09  h9 
2
U 29 U 29
 Nc  
c p T08  T9 s  c T 1  T9 s 
 1 p 08  T 
 08 
Now since T9 s  P9 s  
  
T08  P08   1
  
 P 
therefore U 9  2c pT08 Nc 1   9  
  P08  
 
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Component Wise Thermodynamic Analysis
Consider the configuration for the turbofan engine and recalling
the analysis done for the turbojet engine, we have
Diffuser of Core

Knowing diffuser efficiency

shall provide the Po2

Compressor

Here, we know the pressure ratio across the compressor as well

as its efficiency
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Component Wise Thermodynamic Analysis
Combustion Chamber
 c pH  T04
 c  T 1
f  pc  03
Here, To4 is known & Po4 = ηbPo3
b QR  T04  c pH 
 T
 03   
 c p  T03  c pc 

  1 2 
Fan diffuser T02'  T01  T0 a  Ta 1  Ma 
 2 

P02'  1
   1  2 
 1   d c  M a 
Pa   2  

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Component Wise Thermodynamic Analysis

W fan  mac c pc T08  T02' 

. .
Fan

Now using fan efficiency and pressure ratio across

the fan, we get  1
To8 
1  Po8 
 
 1  P   1
To 2'  f  o 2'  
 
Turbine . . .
 M Wtur  Wcomp  W fan
. .
 M maH 1  f c pH (To 4  To 5 )  maH c pc (To 3  To 2 ) 
.
 maH c pc (To8  To 2' )
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Component Wise Thermodynamic Analysis
Turbine (cont’d)  To 3    To8  
 
 To 2    1    T   1
To 5  o2 
'

 1
To 4  c pH  T
and M   1  f  o 4 

t  c pc   Toa 
 t 1
Po 5  1  To 5  
 1  1  
Po 4  t  To 4 
Nozzle of Core
Nozzle would be chocked, if Pcritical / P05 = Pa / P05
where Pa / P05 = (P04 / P05) (P03 / P04)(P02 / P03)(Pa / P02)
If nozzle is un chocked, then Pa = P7 
 1
Pcritical  1    1 
otherwise, P7 = (Pcritical / P05) P05  1   
Po   N H    1 
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 Turbofan Performance

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 Turbofan Performance

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 Turbofan Performance

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 Turbofan Performance

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 Problem on Turbofan
• The following data is given for a single spool turbofan engine:
• Flight speed = 650 MPH;
• Ambient Conditions:
• Pressure = 14.5 Psia; Temperature = 520oR; Core engine flow = 100 lbm/sec; By pass ratio =
1.5
• Cold Flow Data :
• Diffuser efficiency = 0.97; Pressure ratio = 2.0; Fan efficiency = 0.9; Cold air nozzle efficiency
= 0.99; Cold air nozzle is chocked and convergent.
• Core Engine Data :
• Diffuser efficiency = 0.985; Compressor pressure ratio = 6.5; Compressor efficiency = 0.86;
Pressure loss in combustion Chamber = 2.5%; Burner efficiency = 0.99; QR = 18500 B/lbm
• To4 = 2200oR; Turbine efficiency = 0.9; Mechanical efficiency = 0.9
• C-D nozzle is employed that is fully expanded with 1.5% stagnation pressure loss.
• Other Data :
• For cold air stream take γ = 1.4, R = 53.35 ft-lbf/lbmoR.
• For hot air stream take γ = 1.3, R = 53.35 ft-lbf/lbmoR.
• Find the following :
• (i) Power of turbine and compressor. (ii) Power of fan. (iii) Thrust of the engine. (iv) TSFC.

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