Module 2

FFA
Fire Fighting Appliance
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Introduction

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Fire Triangle Is Oxygen heavier than

Air?
The smoke rises
because the heated air
is less dense than the
surrounding air.
Which part of the vessels
are susceptible to
explosions?
Do you know the EEBD &
Emergency Escape
locations?

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Fire Classification

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Vulnerable Areas in the Ship

Engine Room Accommodation

oil leakages, boiler incidents, Smoking, cigarette butts left

electrical failures or accidents unextinguished, galley operation
during hot work operations due to
lack of proper maintenance and
poor watchkeeping

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Fire Control Plan

• The Fire Control Plan is a mandatory
requirement of SOLAS convention
described in Regulation 15 of Chapter II.

• The fire control plan provides us
information about fire station on each deck
of the ship, on various bulkheads, and in
spaces enclosed by “A” class division, “B”
class divisions.

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Emergency Headquarter
Many shipping companies operate their fire fighting and emergency defence
centred around a designated "Emergency Headquarters" (EHQ) where a quantity
of fire fighting and emergency equipment is kept in readiness for an emergency
response and which also forms a focal point for mustering emergency teams.

A very basic inventory would include:-

• 2 complete fireman’s suits – including B/A sets, spare air cylinders, lamps etc.
• 2 spare hoses complete with 2 spare jet/spray nozzles
• 1 each: fire axe, crow bar, fire plan and International shore connection.

The above would be a minimum from which, depending upon ship type and
current trade, a wider range of equipment would be deemed necessary, including:-
• 1 foam branch and 2 x 5 gallon drums of foam compound.
• 3 sets of chemical suits and 2 additional B/A sets – IMDG cargoes.

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Fire Alarm System

Fire Alarm System is designed to alert us to an emergency so that we can take
action to protect ourselves, staff and the general public.

A fire alarm system has a few devices working together to detect and warn people
through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or
other emergencies are present.

These alarms may be activated automatically from smoke detectors, and heat

detectors or may also be activated via manual fire alarm activation devices such as
manual call points or pull stations.

Alarms can be either motorized bells or wall mountable sounders or horns.

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Fire Alarm Initiating Device

Manual Heat Detector Smoke Detector

Initiating Device

Flame Detector Fire-Gas Detector

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Fire Fighting Teams

Bridge Team

Engine Room Team Defence Squad Support Squad

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Quick Closing Valves

Quick closing valves are fitted to oil tanks so that in the event of a fire they can be
safely closed from a remote location to stop the supply of fuel to the fire. These
valves may be operated remotely by pull wires, hydraulics, compressed air, etc.

Recently, PSC have observed that quick closing valves have been modified or
intentionally blocked to prevent them from closing. This practice has potentially
catastrophic consequences in a fire emergency.

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Fire Dampers, Flaps and Louvres

Fire dampers are passive fire protection
products used in heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) ducts to prevent the
spread of fire inside the ductwork through fire-
resistance rated walls and floors.

Demonstration of Flap /
Damper Activation
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Emergency Escape
The principle on which means of escape provisions are
based is that the time available for escape is greater
than the time needed for escape

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Emergency Escape Breathing Device (EEBD)

A self-contained compressed air
apparatus for escape from a
contaminated environment. It consists
of a compressed air cylinder with air
capacity of 600 litres (15 minutes
duration). Within accommodation
areas all ships are to carry at least two
EEBD and a spare EEBD.

In the ships machinery spaces, the

number can vary depending upon the
arrangement and how many people
work in there but there mustn’t be Demonstration of EEBD
less than one EEBD at each exit plus
one in the Engine Control Room.

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Portable Fire Extinguisher

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Portable Fire Extinguisher

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Fire Main System

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Main Fire Pumps

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Emergency Fire Pump

As per SOLAS Chapter I-2, part A regulation 4 all cargo ships of 2000 GT and
above, and passenger ships of 1000 GT and above must have an emergency fire
pump in a separate space other than the engine room where the main fire pumps are
located.

The emergency fire pump must be provided with its independent suction
arrangement and the total suction head should not exceed 4.5 meters under
all conditions of list or trim.
The emergency fire pump capacity to be at least 25m3/hr delivering two ½ inches
bore jet of water having a horizontal throw not less than 40 ft
The emergency fire pump must be driven by a self-cooled compression ignition
engine or by an electric motor powered from an emergency generator

Apart from the remote location operation, the fire pump can be operated from the
following location remotely:
• From the bridge
• From the fire control station
• From
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Fixed Fire-Fighting Extinguisher (Sprinkler)

The sprinkler system is an automatic fire detecting, alarm and extinguishing system
which is constantly on guard to deal quickly & effectively with the outbreak of fire
that may occur in accommodations and other spaces.

Each sprinkler head covers a deck area of 16 m2 and the flow of water in each one
of them should be at least5 liters/minute as per the regulation of SOLAS.

The sprinkler system is generally used in accommodation, paint room and other
places on the ship.

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Fixed Fire-Fighting Extinguisher (Water Mist)

The water mist fire fighting system basically consists of
fire detection part and fire fighting part. The fire
detection part monitors and detects the fire condition of
the protected area. If any fire is detected, it transits the
information on fire location to the main control panel.
The water mist fire fighting system
consists of two detectors placed over the
area to be protected (such as main engine,
auxiliary engines, incinerator, auxiliary
boiler, purifiers, etc.). Out of these two
detectors, one is a smoke and other is a
flame detector.

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Fixed Fire-Fighting Extinguisher (Foam)

Foam fixed fire extinguishing systems are very effective and popular fixed fire
fighting system in marine field. Foam gives smothering and cooling effect to the
applied area. It can be used in open areas like deck as well as closed areas like
engine room.

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Fire Hydrants & Hoses

Number and position of hydrants shall be such
that at least two jets of water, not emanating
from the same hydrant, one of which shall be
from the single length of hose, may reach any
part of the ship.
It should be fitted with a valve for controlling the
discharge.

Fire hoses of approved non-perishable material

and be sufficient length to project a jet of water
to any of the space required.
Fire hose length of at least 10m, but
not more than:
- 15m in machinery space
Demonstration of Hydrant
- 20m in other spaces and open deck Overhauling
- 25m for open decks on ship max
breadth >30m
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Isolation Valve
Isolating valves separate the section of the fire main within the machinery space
containing the main fire pump or pumps from the rest of the fire main and shall be
fitted in an easily accessible and tenable position outside the machinery spaces.

The fire main shall be so arranged that when the isolating valves are shut all the
hydrants on the ship, except those in the machinery space, can be supplied with
water by another fire pump or an emergency fire pump.

The emergency fire pump, its seawater inlet, suction, delivery pipes, and isolating
valves shall be located outside the machinery space.

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International Shore Connection

The International Shore Connection is a
universal hose connection that is to be
provided on all ships as per the IMO SOLAS
requirement.

The purpose of the International Shore

Coupling is to keep a standby hose
attachment to get a connection from shore
or from other ships for shipboard
firefighting, in case there is a total failure
of pumps onboard.

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Fireman’s Suit

Helmet

Gloves

Fire Jacket Breathing

Boots & trouser Apparatus
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SOLAS Requirement for Fireman’s Suit

Minimum number of fireman’s outfit required on board are
as follows:

• For vessels between 500-2500 tons minimum of two

sets

• For vessels between 2500-4000 tons minimum three

• For vessels 4000 tons and above minimum four sets.

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Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

 is a device that provides breathing protection to the user.

“it should be a fundamental rule in fire

fighting that no one can be permitted to
enter an enclosed space that is charged
with smoke and gas unless equipped
with breathing apparatus.”

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Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

A Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) sometimes referred to as a Compressed
Air Breathing Apparatus(CABA), or simply Breathing Apparatus (BA), is a device worn
by rescue workers, firefighters, and others to provide breathable air in an Immediately
Dangerous to Life or Health atmosphere (IDLH).

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Lifeline Signals
Lifeline is to be used when entering a confined space that
contains high hazard atmosphere, a risk of entrapment, or with
other recognized health and/or safety hazard.

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Release of CO2 System

A major engine room fire is a
nightmare for seafarers. It will not
only disables the ship’s propelling
plant but also leads to a complete
blackout situation, which can result
in collision or grounding of the ship.
In case of a major engine room fire
on merchant ships, CO2 fixed fire
extinguishing system is the most
common method used for fire
fighting. The chief engineer of the
ship is responsible for operating the
CO2 extinguishing system, after
taking all precautionary measures
regarding handling of engine room
machinery.

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Release of CO2 System

Suffocation of the crew combined with re-
ignition of fire due to lack of airtight engine
room has resulted in gruesome condition, as
the CO2 system is the last resort for fighting
fire and no more firefighting method is
available after using that (CO2 system can be
used only once).

The CO2 operator in-charge i.e. Chief

engineer (or 2nd engineer in C/E’s absence)
must be extremely careful when it comes to
following procedure to avoid fire from
spreading or any casualty. Following steps
are to be followed without fail for
extinguishing major find in engine room.

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Release of CO2 System

1. On outbreak of fire, the fire alarm will sound, and the bridge officer will know
the location of fire. If the fire is big enough to fight with portable extinguishers, all
crew should be gathered in muster station for a head count.
2. Inform the wheelhouse about the situation of the fire. The chief engineer should
take the decision in consent with the master to flood the engine room with CO2 for
extinguishing the fire.
3. The Emergency generator should be started as CO2 flooding requires all engine
room machinery, including the auxiliary power generator to be stopped.
4. Reduce ship speed and stop the main engine at a safe location. Captain should
inform the nearest coastal authority if the ship is inside a coastal zone.
5. Open the cabinet of the CO2 operating system in the fire station with the “Key”
provided nearby in the glass case. This will give an audible CO2 Alarm in the engine
room.
6. Some systems and machinery like engine room blowers and fans etc. will trip
with opening of CO2 cabinet. Counter check all the tripped system for surety.

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Release of CO2 System

7. Make sure there is no one left inside the engine room by repeating the head
count.
8. Operate all remote closing switches for quick closing valve, funnel flaps, fire
flaps, engine room pumps and machinery, watertight doors etc.
9.  Air condition unit of ECR should be stopped.
10. Close all the entrance doors of the engine room and make sure the room is
airtight.
11. Operate the control and master valve in the CO2 cabinet. This will sound
another alarm and after 60 seconds time delay CO2 will be released for fire
extinguishing.
12. If there is a need to enter the engine room for rescuing a person (which must
be avoided), SCBA sets and life lines should be used. Safety of personnel should be
of the highest priority during such incidences.

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Emergency Generator
As per SOLAS regulation the
emergency power equipment should
come on load within 45 seconds of the
power failure. When the power failure
takes place the emergency generator is
normally started by a small electric
motor which cranks the engine for The two modes
starting. This motor gets power from the should be – battery
battery which is being charged by start and hydraulic
emergency switchboard.  or pneumatic start.

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Emergency Generator

Also in case the equipment or

emergency generator is unable to
start due to any reason, there
should be an alternate method or
manual starting available in hand.
As per SOLAS regulation, the
secondary means of starting The two modes should
should be able to provide be – battery start and
additional three starts within 30 hydraulic or
minutes. pneumatic start.

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MAINTENANCE, TESTING AND

INSPECTION

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Firefighting Appliances deficiencies

The following are the most common firefighting appliances
deficiencies found by Port State Control officers on ships
classed by Lloyd’s Register
1. Fire dampers
2. Fire detection
3. Doors within main vertical zone
4. Fixed fire-extinguishing installation
5. Fire pumps
6. Ready availability of the fire fighting equipment
7. Firefighting appliances
8. Fire prevention structure
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Operational deficiencies
The following items are common to a number of areas around
the ship and deficiencies are frequently found in these items
1. Fire dampers
- marked open and close and easy to operate and seal
effectively
- locking pins can be easily removed
- machinery flaps and ventilators close correctly
- skylight close from local and remote position
- ventilator flame screens are in good condition

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Operational deficiencies
The following items are common to a number of areas around
the ship and deficiencies are frequently found in these items
2. Means of escape
- clearly marked
- ladders and hatches are in good condition
- trunks, alleyways and stairways are unobstructed
- exits are capable of being opened from inside and outside

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Operational deficiencies
The following items are common to a number of areas around
the ship and deficiencies are frequently found in these items
3. Firefighting equipment and appliances
• fire appliances are located in compliance with the fire
control plan
• fire hoses are non-perishable material, in good condition,
no leaks and pressure tested regularly
• fire nozzles are operable
• where installed sand boxes are full and scoop are in place

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Operational deficiencies
The following items are common to a number of areas around
the ship and deficiencies are frequently found in these items
4. Personal equipment
- SCBA/CABA and EEBD readily available and fully
charged
- fireman’s outfit complete and readily available
5. Fire doors
- free of obstruction
- self-closing

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Operational deficiencies
The following items are common to a number of areas around
the ship and deficiencies are frequently found in these items
6. Fire detection
• detection system operates on emergency power and tested
regularly
• spare heads available
• control panels function correctly
7. Fire alarm
- audible and visual indications functions correctly

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Operational deficiencies
The following items are common to a number of areas around
the ship and deficiencies are frequently found in these items
8. Fixed fire-extinguishing systems and installation
• clearly marked, readily accessible control stations
• gas release alarm, including time delay for the
extinguishing medium operates satisfactory
• clear instruction for operation are posted and are in a
language understood by the crew
*Note:
Hoses and their attachments are certified to a standard and
supplied by a manufacturer complete. If the component of an
approved system is modified then the approving body must
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Operational deficiencies
*Note:
Hoses and their attachments are certified to a standard and
supplied by a manufacturer complete. If the component of an
approved system is modified then the approving body must be
notified.

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Engine room and machinery spaces

Equipment must be as per the Record of Approved Ship Safety
Equipment, inspected regularly, well maintained and ready for
operation at all times

1. Cleanliness
• all spaces must be free from excess oil and other fire
hazards such as oily waist material and rags
• drip trays are empty

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Engine room and machinery spaces

Equipment must be as per the Record of Approved Ship Safety
Equipment, inspected regularly, well maintained and ready for
operation at all times
3. Fire prevention
• hot surfaces adequately insulated and protected
• all lamps and fittings are in good condition
• no naked lights
• garbage is segregated in metal receptacles with metal lids
*Note:
Do not use fire hoses for any other purposes, such as bilge
cleaning.
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Accommodation
Equipment must be as per the Record of Approved Ship Safety
Equipment, inspected regularly, well maintained and ready for
operation at all times

1. Sprinkler system
- section valves and alarms are tested
- pressure gauge function correctly
- pipework is checked and in good condition
- pumps are tested

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Accommodation
2. Ventilators
• remote stops are working with marks open/close
• access for cleaning galley ventilator
• ventilator flaps are in good condition
• extractor ventilators from laundry areas are regularly
cleaned and are not clogged

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Deck
1. International shore connection
- readily available and location clearly marked
- correct number of nuts, bolts and washers
2. Fire protection- cargo deck area
- annual test records and foam analysis are available for foam
systems
- foam monitors move freely
3. Paint locker fire protection system
- satisfactory provision is made for extinguishing fire without
entering the space as required by the administration

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Tanks and holds

1. CO2 system
- operating system are in a language that the crew
understands
- alarms are operational

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Fire drills
Equipment must be as per the Record of Approved Ship Safety
Equipment, inspected regularly, well maintained and ready for
operation at all times.

1. Fire drills
2. Emergency preparedness
3. Crew musters for abandonship and fire drills
4. Operation of fire protection system

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Fire drills
*Note:
1. Some PSC authorities will require the crew to carry out
abandonship and fire drills. Crew must be able to
demonstrate familiarity with the equipment and be able to
carry out their duties quickly and competently.
2. It is advisable to use different scenarios when carrying out
drills so that the crew is ready and prepared for different
emergency situation. Ensure that these drills are recorded
in the log book.
3. Photo records with dates are a good idea as evidence of
drills being regularly held.

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END OF SLIDE

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