Intel 8085-Architecture

AL
U

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Accumulator
The accumulator is an 8-bit register that is part of the
arithmetic/logic unit (ALU).
This register is used to store 8-bit data and to perform
arithmetic and logical operations.
The result of an operation is stored in the accumulator.
The accumulator is also identified as register A.

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8085 Programming Model(Registers)
The model includes six 8-bit registers (B, C, D, E, H &
L), one accumulator, and one flag register.
It also has two 16-bit registers:
the stack pointer (SP);
the program counter (PC).

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8085 Programming Model(Registers)

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General-purpose Registers
The 8085 has six general-purpose registers to store 8-
hit data;
B, C, D, E, H, and L.
They can be combined as register pairs - BC, DE, and
HL - to perform some 16-bit operations.
The programmer can use these registers to store or
copy data into the registers by using data copy
instructions.

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Program COUNTER (PC) AND STACK
POINTER (SP)
These are two 16-bit registers used to hold memory
addresses.
PC:
The function of the PC is to point to the memory address
from which the next byte is to be fetched.
When a byte (machine code) is being fetched, the
program counter is incremented by one to point to the
next memory location.

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Program COUNTER (PC) AND STACK
POINTER (SP)
SP:
It points to a memory location in R/W memory, called
the stack.
The beginning of the stack is defined by loading a 16-bit
address in the stack pointer.
The PC will automatically update when calling to
/returning from Subroutines.

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Stack
The stack is one of the most important things you must
know when programming.
Think of the stack as a deck of cards. When you put a
card on the deck, it will be the top card. Then you put
another card, then another.
When you remove the cards, you remove them
backwards, the last card first and so on.
The stack works the same way, you put (push) words
(addresses or register pairs) on the stack and then remove
(pop) them backwards.
That's called LIFO, Last In First Out.

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Stack
There are instructions that allow you to modify SP
contents but you should NOT change the contents of
that register if you don't know what you're doing!
PUSH
POP

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8085 Flag Register

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Flags
The ALU includes five flip-flops, which are set or
reset after an operation according to data conditions of
the result in the accumulator and other registers.
They are called Zero (Z), Carry (CY), Sign (S), Parity
(P), and Auxiliary Carry (AC) flags;

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The Flags register
 There is also a flag register whose bits are affected by the arithmetic & logic
operations.
 S-sign flag
 The sign flag is set if bit D7 of the accumulator is set after an arithmetic
or logic operation.
 Z-zero flag
 Set if the result of the ALU operation is 0. Otherwise is reset. This flag is
affected by operations on the accumulator as well as other registers. (DCR
B).
 AC-Auxiliary Carry
 This flag is set when a carry is generated from bit D3 and passed to D4 .
This flag is used only internally for BCD operations.
 P-Parity flag
 After an ALU operation, if the result has an even # of 1s, the p-flag is set.
Otherwise it is cleared. So, the flag can be used to indicate even parity.
 CY-carry flag
 This flag is set when a carry is generated from bit D7 after an unsigned
operation.
 OV-Overflow flag
 This flag is set when an overflow occurs after a signed operation.
8085 Hardware Model
There are three buses:
a 16-bit unidirectional address bus to send out memory
addresses;
an 8-bit bidirectional data bus, and a control bus to
transfer data, and.
the control bus for timing signals.

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The 8085 and Its Buses
 The 8085 is an 8-bit general purpose microprocessor that can address 64K
Byte of memory.
 It has 40 pins and uses +5V for power. It can run at a maximum frequency
of 3 MHz.
 The pins on the chip can be grouped into 6 groups:
 Address Bus.
 Data Bus.
 Control and Status Signals.
 Power supply and frequency.
 Externally Initiated Signals.
 Serial I/O ports.
ALE used to demultiplex address/data bus
The Address and Data Bus Systems
 The address bus has 8 signal lines A8 – A15 which are unidirectional.
 The other 8 address bits are multiplexed (time shared) with the 8 data bits.
 So, the bits AD0 – AD7 are bi-directional and serve as A0 – A7 and D0 –
D7 at the same time.
 During the execution of the instruction, these lines carry the address
bits during the early part, then during the late parts of the execution,
they carry the 8 data bits.
 In order to separate the address from the data, we can use a latch to save
the value before the function of the bits changes.
 Address bus
The address bus is 'unidirectional', over which the
microprocessor sends an address code to the
memory or input/output.
The size (width) of the address bus is specified by
the number of bits it can handle.
The more bits there are in the address bus, the more
memory locations a microprocessor can access.
A 16 bit address bus is capable of addressing 65,536
(64K) addresses.
 Data bus
The data bus is 'bi-directional'
 data or instruction codes from memory or
input/output.are transferred into the microprocessor
 the result of an operation or computation is sent out
from the microprocessor to the memory or input/output.
Depending on the particular microprocessor, the
data bus can handle 8 bit or 16 bit data.
 Control bus
The control bus is used by the microprocessor to
send out or receive timing and control signals in
order to coordinate and regulate its operation and to
communicate with other devices, i.e. memory or
input/output.
8085 Hardware Model
Two major segments:
One segment includes the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)
and an 8-bit register called an accumulator, instruction
decoder, and flags.
The second segment shows 8-bit and 16-bit registers.
Both segments are connected with various internal
connections called an internal bus.
The arithmetic and logical operations are performed in
the ALU. Results are stored in the accumulator, and flip-
flops, called flags, are set or reset to reflect the results

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 8085 Hardware Model

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BUS System
Chip Selection
A15- A10 Circuit

8085
CS
A15-A8

ALE
A9- A0 1K Byte
AD7-AD0 Latch Memory
A 7 - A0 Chip

WR RD IO/M D7- D0
RD WR
 8085 Pinout
 8085 μp consists of 16 signal pins use as address bus.
 Divide into 2 part: A15 – A8 (upper) and
AD7 – AD0 (lower).
A15 – A8 : Unidirectional, known as ‘high order address’.
AD7 – AD0 : bidirectional and dual purpose (address and
data placed once at a time).
AD7 – AD0 also known as ‘low order address’.
To execute an instruction, at early stage AD7 – AD0 uses as
address bus and alternately as data bus for the next cycle.
The method to change from address bus to data bus known
as ‘bus multiplexing’.
Control and Status Signals.
The Control and Status Signals
 There are 4 main control and status signals. These are:
 ALE: Address Latch Enable. This signal is a pulse that become 1
when the AD0 – AD7 lines have an address on them. It becomes 0
after that. This signal can be used to enable a latch to save the address
bits from the AD lines.
 RD: Read. Active low.
 WR: Write. Active low.
 IO/M: This signal specifies whether the operation is a memory
operation (IO/M=0) or an I/O operation (IO/M=1).
 S1 and S0 : Status signals to specify the kind of operation being
performed. Usually not used in small systems.
Frequency Control Signals
 There are 3 important pins in the frequency control group.
 X0 and X1 are the inputs from the crystal or clock generating circuit.
 The frequency is internally divided by 2.
 So,to run the microprocessor at 3 MHz, a clock running at 6 MHz
should be connected to the X0 and X1 pins.

 CLK (OUT): An output clock pin to drive the clock of the rest of the
system.
 Clock Pins
 8085 MPU has 3 pins that
control or present the clock
signal. 8085A
X1 and X2 pins
determine the clock
X1 CLK OUT
frequency.
CLK OUT is a TTL 6 MHz
square-wave output X2
clock.
The CLOCK OUT is
one-half the crystal
frequency.
8085 Interrupts

TRAP
RST7.5
RST6.5
RST 5.5 8085
INTR
INTA
8085 Interrupt Structure

There are 5 interrupt inputs:

TRAP (nonmaskable)
RST7.5
RST6.5
RST5.5
INTR
Intel 8085 Pin
Configuration
Signals and I/O Pins
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