Deep Foundations Types

Dr. Waleed Eid

Civil Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering & Petroleum

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Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Types of piles
3. Installation of piles
4. Load transfer mechanism
5. Estimation of pile capacity
6. Elastic settlement of piles
7. Pile driving formula
8. Pile groups (efficiency & consolidation
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settlement) Foundation Engineering 2
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1. Introduction:
Pile foundations are the part of a structure
used to carry and transfer the load of the
structure to the bearing ground located at
some depth below ground surface
Piles are long and slender members which
transfer the load to deeper soil or rock of
high bearing capacity avoiding shallow soil of
low bearing capacity Mat or Raft
Foundation

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1. Introduction:
The main components of the foundation
are the pile cap and the piles
The main types of materials used for
piles are wood, steel and concrete

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1. Introduction:

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1. Introduction:

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1. Introduction:
When to use:
Upper soil strata is too weak,
compressible, expansive or collapsible.
Structure is subjected to horizontal forces.
Special structures (Transmission lines,
offshore platforms)
Bridge abutments to avoid loss of bearing
due to erosion

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Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Types of piles
3. Installation of piles
4. Load transfer mechanism
5. Estimation of pile capacity
6. Elastic settlement of piles
7. Pile driving formula
8. Pile groups (efficiency & consolidation
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settlement) Foundation Engineering 9
2. Types of Piles:
Type of piles:
(1) Based on material used (steel,
concrete or wood).
(2) Based on load transfer mechanism.

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2. Types of Piles:

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2. Types of Piles:
Steel Piles: Pipes or H-sections
 Can increase length by welding or
riveting.
 Can be fitted with a shoe when driven
in hard soil conditions
 Can be subjected to corrosion-
increase steel thickness, use epoxy
coating or encase with concrete.
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 Driving steel pile

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2. Types of Piles:
Advantages of steel piles:
 Easy to handle with respect to cutoff
and extension.
 Can stand high driving stresses
 Can penetrate hard strata
 High load-carrying capacity

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2. Types of Piles:
Advantages of steel piles:
 Small displacement piles
 Lateral displacement of soil during
driving is low

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2. Types of Piles:
Disadvantages of steel piles:
 Relatively costly material
 High level of noise during pile
driving.
 Subject to corrosion
 H-sections may divert easily from
the vertical
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2. Types of Piles:

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2. Types of Piles:
Concrete Piles:
1.Precast piles (reinforcement is
provided to resist bending moment
during pick up and transportation
and vertical loading. Can be used
prestressed).
 Square
 Octagonal
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 Driving Precast Pre-stressed pile

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2. Types of Piles:
Concrete Piles:
2.Cast in place
 Cased
 Uncased
 With pedestal
 Raymond step-taper

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2. Types of Piles:

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2. Types of Piles:
Advantages of precast piles:
 Quality of concrete can be checked
before driving
 Can be subjected to hard driving
 Corrosion resistant
 Can be driven in long lengths

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2. Types of Piles:
Advantages of precast piles:
 Relatively inexpensive
 Can be carried above ground level
for example through water for
marine structures.
 Can be easily combined with
concrete super-structures
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2. Types of Piles:
Disadvantages of precast piles:
 Difficult to achieve cutoff
 Difficult to transport
 Can not be driven with very large
diameters

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2. Types of Piles:
Advantages of cast in place (cased)
piles:
 Relatively cheap
 Low noise level
 Possibility of inspection before
pouring concrete.
 Easy to extend and adjust
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2. Types of Piles:
Advantages of cast in place (cased)
piles:
 Enlarged base can be formed to
increase pile capacity
 No reinforcement is added for
handling and driving

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 Installation of cased pile

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2. Types of Piles:
Disadvantages of cast in place (cased)
piles:
 Difficult to splice after concreting
 Thin casing may be damaged during
driving.

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2. Types of Piles:
Advantages of cast in place (uncased)
piles:
 Initially economical
 Can be finished at any elevation

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2. Types of Piles:
Disadvantages of cast in place
(uncased) piles:
 Voids may be created if concrete is
placed rapidly.
 Difficult to splice after concreting.
 In soft soils, the sides may cave in
squeezing the concrete.
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2. Types of Piles:

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2. Types of Piles:
Timber Piles:
 Mainly tree trunks.
 Maximum length 10-20 meters
 Can not withstand hard driving
 Maximum capacity 220-270 kN
 Steel shoes are used at tip to avoid
damage
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2. Types of Piles:
 Crushing of top by hammering is
called brooming.
 Splicing is possible using steel sleeves
or metal straps & bolts.
 Timber can last for long time is
saturated environment.
 Can be protected from insects attack
by treatment of wood.
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2. Types of Piles:
 ASCE “Manual of Practice No.17
(1959) classify timber piles into:
Class A Piles: carry heavy loads with
minimum diameter of 356mm.
Class B Piles: carry medium loads with
diameter 305-330 mm.
Class C Piles: for temporary works with
minimum diameter of 305 mm.

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2. Types of Piles:
Advantages of Timber piles:
 Economical (relatively inexpensive)
 Easy to handle.
 Can be joined together and excess
length easily removed
 Permanently submerged piles are
fairly resistant to decay.
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2. Types of Piles:
Disadvantages of Timber piles:
 Decay above water table.
 Can be damaged during driving by
stones and boulders.
 Low load capacity.
 Low resistant to tensile load when
spliced.
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2. Types of Piles:
Composite Piles:
 Steel & concrete
 Timber & concrete

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2. Types of Piles:
Pile type Usual pile Max pile Usual load Max load
length (m) length (m) kN kN
Steel 15-60 Unlimited 300-1200 Q all  A s all

Precast 10-15 30 300-800 800-900

concrete
Pre-stressed 10-35 60 300-3000 7500-
concrete 8500
Cased cast 5-15 15-40 200-500 800
in place
Uncased cast 5-15 30-40 300-500 700
in place
Timber 10-15 30 100-200 270

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2. Types of Piles:
Type of piles based on load transfer
mechanism:
1.Point bearing pile
2.Friction pile
3.Combination pile

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2. Types of Piles:
End (point) bearing pile

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2. Types of Piles:
End (point) bearing piles:
 Usually terminate in hard, relatively
impenetrable material such as rock or very
dense sand or gravel.
 These piles transfer the load on to a firm
stratum.
 The pile behaves as an ordinary column
and should be designed as such.
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2. Types of Piles:
Skin Friction piles

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2. Types of Piles:
Skin Friction Piles:
 Friction piles obtain a greater part of the
carrying capacity from skin friction or
adhesion.
 This tends to occur when piles do not
reach an impenetrable stratum.
 These piles transmit most of the load to
the soil through skin friction.
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2. Types of Piles:
Combination piles of skin friction and end
bearing

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2. Types of Piles:
Factors involved in selecting pile type:
1.Type and loads from the superstructure.
2.Properties of soil.
3.The depth of the soil layer capable of
supporting the piles.
4.Variations in length of pile required. 
5.Availability of materials.

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2. Types of Piles:
Factors involved in selecting pile type:
6.Durability required.
7.Available equipment for pile driving.
8.Budget.
9.The depth of water level and intensity of
underground water flow.
10.Types of surrounding structures.
11.Noise and installation requirements
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Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Types of piles
3. Installation of piles
4. Load transfer mechanism
5. Estimation of pile capacity
6. Elastic settlement of piles
7. Pile driving formula
8. Pile groups (efficiency & consolidation
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settlement) Foundation Engineering 49
3. Installation of Piles:
Piles Installation methods:
 Hammer
 Vibrating drivers
 Jetting
 Partial augering

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3. Installation of Piles:
Piles Installation methods:
 Hammer
Drop hammer
Single acting air/steam hammer
Double acting hammer
Diesel hammer

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 Drop Hammer Single acting Hammer
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 Double Acting Hammer Diesel Hammer
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 Vibrating hammer
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3. Installation of Piles:
Piles Installation methods:
 Jetting
 Pile driving is done by displacing the material at
or near the tip of pile by one or more water jets
under pressure
 The pressure of the jet should be sufficient to
displace the soil for pile driving quickly and
satisfactory
 Sometimes, hammer may be used to force the
pile rapidly into the ground
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