PUBLIC SEWAGE TREATMENT

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1.0 Plants in Malaysia
 In Malaysia, extensive use has been made of
• primary treatment systems such as communal septic
tanks and imhoff tanks and
• unreliable low cost secondary systems such as
oxidation ponds.
 In addition, large urban area utilize Individual Septic Tanks
(IST). There are over 1 million IST in Malaysia.
 ISTs functions:
• partially treat sewage,
• discharging an effluent still rich in organic material.
 This has create public health and environmental problems

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1.0 Plants in Malaysia (Cont’d)
• IWK is responsible for planning and rationalizing the
public sewerage facilities
• To reduce the number of treatment plants by using the
multipoint concept or regionalization.
• Finally, sewerage pipeline networks will be layer in urban
areas currently serviced by IST to convey the domestic
sewage to modern secondary treatment plants.
• There are some public sewage treatment plants in
Malaysia that are mechanical plants.
• These plants operate using mechanical equipment that
accelerates sewage breakdown

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1.0 Plants in Malaysia (Cont’d)
No. Type of Sewage Treatment Plant As at 2008 %
1. Imhoff Tank 760 8
2. Oxidation Pond 436 5
3. Communal Septic Tanks 3,635 38
4. Mechanical Plants 4,026 42
5. Network Pump Stations 668 7
TOTAL 9,525 100

Obtained from www.iwk.com.my

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Imhoff tank
• The Imhoff tank is
a primary
treatment technology for
raw wastewater,
• It designed for solid-liquid
separation and digestion of
the settled sludge.
• It consists of a V-
shaped settling compartme
nt above a
tapering sludge digestion
chamber with gas vents. https://www.sswm.info/content/im
hoff-tank
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Oxidation Pond
• Also known as lagoon
• Large and shallow ponds designed to treat wastewater
through interaction of sunlight, bacteria and algae
• Temperature is suitable for aerobic bacteria as bacteria
which only survive in warm water

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Septic tank
• A septic tank is a
watertight chamber
made of concrete,
fiberglass, PVC or plastic,
through which domestic
wastewater (sewage)
flows for primary
treatment.
• Settling and anaerobic
processes reduce solids
and organics, but the
treatment is only
moderate
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Mechanical Plant
• Commercially available prefabricated treatment plants known as
"package plants" are often used to serve small communities up to
population equivalent (PE) of 5,000.
• Package plants require little design work and can be installed
quickly although they require the same operational and
maintenance care as conventional treatment plants.
• Care must be taken in using package plants where large variations
in flow (hydraulic shock are experienced), in addition adequate
provision must be made for sludge removal, scum and grease
removal and the proper control of air supply.

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Pump Station
• Pumping stations in sewage collection systems are
normally designed to handle raw sewage that is fed from
underground gravity pipelines (pipes that are sloped so
that a liquid can flow in one direction under gravity).
• Sewage is fed into and stored in an underground pit,
commonly known as a wet well.

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4.0 Sewage Treatment Systems
• Simple system, especially septic tanks have been used to
service small communities although ever increasing
environment standards means that even these areas
must eventually install better treatment systems.
• For urban centers where the population is concentrated
and the receiving environment is not capable to cope
with the waste discharge, sophisticated treatment
systems have evolved, which produces a high quality
effluent
• Processes using oxidation ponds are also sometimes used
where large areas of land are available.

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4.0 Sewage Treatment Systems (Cont’d)
• Treatment processes are divided into
• treatment, which utilizes oxygen to breakdown
organic matter (aerobic) and
• treatment, which doesn't utilizes oxygen
(anaerobic).
• The breakdown of organic matter can occur while in
suspension (suspended growth) or on the surface of
some type of media (attach growth)

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4.0 Types of sewage treatment system in this topic
• Septic tank
• Sewage treatment plant
• Oxidation pond
• Aerated lagoon

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4.1.1 Introduction to Individual Septic Tank (IST)
Individual Septic Tanks is one of the simplest forms of
sewage treatment and dates back to the sewerage system
development in France in 1860

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4.1.1 Introduction to Individual Septic Tank (IST)
An IST comprises two chambers connected in a series.
• In the first chamber,
• solids from the incoming sewage settle forming a "sludge",
while greases and oils float to the surface forming a "scum"
layer.
• Effluent (sewage) from between the scum and sludge layers
then passes into the second chamber where further
sedimentation occurs.
• In the second chamber,
• the effluent (sewage) is leave and then it is discharged into a
drain or allowed to percolate into the soil

Sludge (enapcemar/lumpur)
Scum – kekotoran
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Effluent – (sludge+scum)
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4.1.1 Introduction to Individual Septic Tank (IST) (Cont’d)

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4.1.1 Introduction to Individual Septic Tank (IST) (Cont’d)

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4.1.1 Introduction to Individual Septic Tank (IST) (Cont’d)
- The sludge in the tank undergoes anaerobic digestion and
is converted into more stable organic compounds and gases
such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and hydrogen
sulfide (H2S).
- ISTs are usually designed for a 24-hour retention time.
Enough storage capacity is provided so that scum and sludge
can be deposited in the tank for up two years after which it
must be de-sludged to keep the tank operating satisfactory.

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4.1.1 Introduction to Individual Septic Tank (IST) (Cont’d)
• Advantages :
• It is a cheap solution to disposing of sewage.
• Disadvantages:
• ISTs only partially treat sewage and concentrated
groups of tanks can overload the capacity of the
receiving environment creating health and odour
problems.
• There are currently over one million ISTs in Malaysia,
making it by far the most common type of sewage
treatment system

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4.1.2 IST Process
1. The waste separates into sludge, liquid and scum
2. Naturally occurring bacteria break down the
sludge and the scum (aerobic process and
anaerobic process)
3. Solids that can't be broken down settle at the
bottom and must be pumped out regularly
4. The liquid flows out of the tank into a network of
underground pipes that drain into the septic tank
5. Naturally occurring good bacteria in the soil feed
on and break down harmful chemicals and
bacteria.
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4.1.2 IST Process (Cont’d)

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Location of IST
• 30m away from wells
• 15m from streams
• 3m from buildings and property lines
ISTs are suitable
• for single dwellings or individual buildings with a
population equivalent (PE) up to 150
• installed where there is no central sewerage systems
and
• where effluent discharges will not adversely effect the
environment.

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4.2 Oxidation Ponds
• Oxidation ponds, also called lagoons or stabilization
ponds, are large, shallow ponds designed to treat
wastewater through the interaction of sunlight, bacteria,
and algae.

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4.2 Oxidation Ponds
• Waste water treatment in oxidation ponds is reliant
(depends on) upon naturally occurring communities of
algae and bacteria, which make up the photosynthesis
oxygenation cycle.
• Algal photosynthesis provides oxygen, which drives
bacterial decomposition of organic waste
• The products of the waste decomposition are in turn
assimilated into algal cells
• These algae then produce more oxygen through
photosynthesis to continue the cycle

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4.2 Oxidation Ponds (Process)
• Algae grow using energy from the sun and carbon
dioxide and inorganic compounds released by bacteria in
water.
• During the process of photosynthesis, the algae release
oxygen needed by aerobic bacteria.
• Mechanical aerators are sometimes installed to supply yet
more oxygen, thereby reducing the required size of the pond.
• Sludge deposits in the pond must eventually be removed by
dredging.
• Algae remaining in the pond effluent can be removed by
filtration or by a combination of chemical treatment and
settling
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4.2 Oxidation Ponds (Cont’d)

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4.3 Aerated Lagoons
• Aerated Lagoons are relatively simple plants to
operate and maintain.
• However, they require large land areas and are
therefore rarely found in densely populated urban
areas.

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4.3 Aerated Lagoons (cont’d)
• The AL process normally comprises two or three
lagoons in a sequence.
• The first lagoon has surface aerators, which are like
large "paddle mixers". The aerators float on the
surface of the pond and continuously stir the
incoming sewage, serving to maintain oxygen content
in the sewage and preventing any solids from
settling.

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4.3 Aerated Lagoons (Cont’d)
- Sewage has an average retention in the first pond of five
days. During this time, bacteria consumed the oxygen to
breaking down the organic material in the sewage

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4.3 Aerated Lagoons (Cont’d)
• Effluent is passed into the second pond where the
degraded organic matter and sediments are settle out
to form sludge. The average retention time in the
second pond is one day.
• The effluent may then pass to a third pond for
polishing or be discharged to a receiving waterway.

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4.3 Aerated Lagoons (Cont’d) (Process)
First Lagoon Second Lagoon

where the degraded

• Aerators float on 5 days organic matter and
the surface of the sediments are settle out
pond and to form sludge
continuously stir to
maintain oxygen in 1
sewage day
• The bacteria
consumed the Third Lagoon
oxygen to breaking
down the organic
material in the for polishing or be
sewage discharged to a receiving
waterway.
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4.3 Aerated Lagoons (Cont’d)

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4.3 Aerated Lagoons (Cont’d)
• Care must be taken in managing the settling pond in
warm climates.
• These ponds can suffer from algal growth and/or
odour generated by anaerobic digestion of the sludge
at the bottom of the pond.
• Depending upon their design these ponds must be
de-sludged approximately every 10 years

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4.3 Aerated Lagoons (Cont’d)

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4.3 Aerated Lagoons (Cont’d)

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5.1 Introduction to Manhole and Inspection Chamber
- Manhole are inspection chambers over 1m to invert
- They are compartment used to house an access point for
making connections or performing maintenance (such as
cleaning and testing) on underground and buried public utility
and other services including sewers, telephone, electricity, storm
drains and gas
- Material: brickwork, concrete units
- The cover: cast iron, pressed steel, concrete
- Types of manhole:
• Intercepting inspection manhole
• Backdrop inspection manhole

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5.1 Introduction to Manhole and Inspection Chamber (Cont’d)

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5.1 Introduction to Manhole and Inspection Chamber (Cont’d)

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5.1 Introduction to Manhole and Inspection Chamber (Cont’d)

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5.1 Introduction to Manhole and Inspection Chamber (Cont’d)

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5.2 Location of Manhole
- There are 5 ways to connect new drainage to an existing
system:
• New branch pipe
• Hilly on a slope
• Long drain pipes
• Changes in sizes of pipes
• Changes in direction of pipes

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THE END

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