4 pics 1 word

Can you guess the word?

4 pics 1 word

piobershe

biosphere
shepermotas

atmosphere
4 pics 1 word

landforms
ndorslafm
shyerhepdro

hydrosphere
 pereshoge
geosphere
 Earth SYSTEMS

SYSTEM - A set of interconnected components that

are interacting to form a unified whole.
 EXAMPLE of a system - ECOSYSTEM.
(Organisms are interrelated and interacting in their
environment)
 Systems of
Energy Flow
• OPEN SYSTEMS are systems that can
exchange both matter and energy with
its surroundings

• CLOSED SYSTEMS are systems that

cannot exchange matter or energy
with its surroundings
The Earth system is essentially a
CLOSED SYSTEM.

The Earth receives energy from

the sun and returns some of this
energy to space.
Does the Earth have the
same mass since the day
it was formed?
 Absorbing and reflecting the heat
radiated by the earth, these gases
act somewhat like the glass in a
greenhouse and are thus known
as greenhouse gases.

All life on earth relies on the greenhouse

effect. Without it, the average surface
temperature of the planet would be about
18 oC and ice would cover earth from pole
to pole.
 • No.1 cause of GHGs
• Burning fuels

GREENHOUSE GASES (GHGs)

CO2
CH4
N2 O
Fluorinated gases (F-gases) are man-made
gases
-HFC (hydrofluorocarbons)
-PFC (perfluorocarbons)
-SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride)
-NF3 (nitrogen trifluoride)
THE EARTH SUBSYSTEMS
Biosphere Hydrosphere

Geosphere Atmosphere
 Factors that Influence the
EARTH SUBSYSTEMS
1. Scale
Processes in the Earth system act on
length scales of microns to
thousands of kilometers, and on time
scales of milliseconds to millions of
years.
2. Energy
The Earth system is powered by one external source: the Sun

and two internal ones:

- radioactive decay

- gravitational energy (heat still

being lost from planetary
formation).
 Biogeochemic
al Cycles

3. Cycles
Material in the Earth system is
continually recycled in numerous
overlapping cycles.
Processes that Drives
Chemical Recycling
• Biological processes include:
– Photosynthesis  
– Respiration
–  Decomposition
– Excretion

• Geological process involve:

– Weathering
– Diastrophism
– Folding and Faulting
– Volcanism
THE EARTH SUBSYSTEMS
Biosphere Hydrosphere

Geosphere Atmosphere
Biosphere ( sphere
inhabited by life

Includes all life forms

on Earth
-Biotic and abiotic

It covers all ecosystems—from the soil to the

rainforest, from mangroves to coral reefs,
and from the plankton-rich ocean surface to the
deep sea.
Carbon Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Hydrosphere

Dynamic mass of
water that is
continuously on the
move
 1. About 70% of the Earth is covered with liquid
water (hydrosphere) and much of it is in the
form of ocean water.
2. Only 3% of Earth's water is fresh: two-thirds
are in the form of ice, and the remaining
one-third is present in streams, lakes, and
groundwater.

The Hydrologic (Water)

Cycle
Precipitation, Evaporation, Runoff, Infiltration, etc...
 Hydrologic Cycle
the sequence of conditions through which water passes from water
vapor in the atmosphere through precipitation upon land or water
surfaces and ultimately back into the atmosphere as a result of
evaporation and transpiration( passage of water vapor from a living
body as of plant through a membrane or pores
• Evaporation- process of liquid to water vapor (gas)
• Transpiration-water vapor from a living body as of
plant and soil pass through a membrane or pores
• Condensation- process of gas to liquid
• Precipitation – the water fall from sky as rain, snow,
sleet, or hail
• Infiltration – Process in which water will soak
into( infiltrate) the ground and will collect as ground
water

WATER CYCLE
• The water also collects into the lakes,
oceans, & aquifers
• Aquifers are layers of rock that can
absorb and hold water
• Surface Runoffs- water from rain or
snow that flows over the surface of the
ground into streams often with dissolved
or suspended material
• Water cycle is powered by the
sun’s gravity. The sun kick parts
the whole by earth’s water and
making it evaporate.
• Gravity makes the moisture back to
earth.

WATER CYCLE
The atmosphere is the
thin gaseous layer that
envelopes the
lithosphere.

The present atmosphere is composed of 78%

nitrogen (N2), 21% oxygen (O2), 0.9%
argon, and trace amount of other gases.
 Atmospheric
8 layersLayers
are defined by
constant trends in
average air temperature
(which changes with
pressure and radiation),
where the outer
exosphere is not shown.
1. Troposphere
2. Tropopause
3. Stratosphere
4. Stratopause
5. Mesosphere
6. Mesopause
7. Thermosphere
8. Exosphere
One of the most important processes by
which the heat on the Earth's surface is
redistributed is through
atmospheric circulation.
 Atmosphere
•It reaches over
560 kilometers
(348 miles) from
the surface of the
Earth.
•What are the 4
main layers of
the atmosphere?
Layers of the Atmosphere
• Thermosphere—highest
• Mesosphere
• Stratosphere (contains
ozone)
• Troposphere---layer we
live in
Troposphere
• This is the
layer that is
closest to the
surface of the
earth
• It’s elevation
ranges from 0
to 10 km
 The Troposphere
• The surface layer up to about
30,000 ft
• Heated from below, by ground
having absorbed solar energy
• Temperature highest near the
ground, and falls all the way
up to about 30,000 ft
 Stratosphere
• This layer sits on
top of the
troposphere
• It’s elevation ranges
from 10 km to
around 25 km
• This layer contains
the ozone layer,
which protects us
from harmful
sunlight
 The Stratosphere
• Heated mostly by absorbing UV light from
the sun by O3 (ozone), breaking it apart
into O2 + atomic oxygen.
• When they recombine to make ozone,
you get energy release and heating
 The Stratosphere
• At higher altitudes in the
stratosphere, ozone very
efficiently absorbs UV at
wavelengths between 200
and 350 nanometers.
 The Stratosphere
• At lower altitudes in the stratosphere,
ozone absorbs UV at wavelengths between
44 and 80 nanometers but much less
efficiently.

• This results in a rate of warming in the

lower stratosphere that is less than the rate
higher in the stratosphere, causing the
temperature to increase with height.
 Updates on ozone layer depletion?!

• Scientists have found the first 'fingerprints of

healing' for the Antarctic ozone hole. The
September ozone hole has shrunk by more
than 4 million square kilometers since 2000,
when ozone depletion was at its peak.
June 30, 2016
Source: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• The term“Fingerprints" is used to describe the
ozone changes with season and altitude to
attribute the ozone's recovery to the continuing
decline of atmospheric chlorine originating from
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
• These chemical compounds were once emitted by
dry cleaning processes, old refrigerators, and
aerosols such as hairspray.
• In 1987, virtually every country in the world signed
on to the Montreal Protocol in a concerted effort to
ban the use of CFCs and repair the ozone hole.
• "We can now be confident that the things we've done have
put the planet on a path to heal, Which is pretty good for
us, isn't it?
• Aren't we amazing humans, that we did something that
created a situation that we decided collectively, as a world,
• 'Let's get rid of these molecules'? We got rid of them, and
now we're seeing the planet respond.
Susan Solomon
the Ellen Swallow Richards Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Science at MIT)
 What layers of the
atmosphere affects climate &
weather?

• Only the Troposphere

and Stratosphere are
substantial enough to
really affect climate and
weather.
 Geosphere

The Solid Earth

extends from
the surface to
the center
LITHOSPHERE

The lithosphere
includes the crust and
the upper part of the
mantle.

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS:

MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY (MOHO)
GUTTENBERG DISCONTINUITY
ASTHENOSPHERE
 Lithosphere
• The lithosphere (from the Greek for
"rocky" sphere) is the solid outermost shell
of a rocky planet.

• On the Earth, the lithosphere includes the

crust and the uppermost layer of the mantle
(the upper mantle or lower lithosphere) which
is joined to the crust.
 Lithosphere
• The Earth's solid
surface, often
called the crust of
the earth. It
includes continental
and oceanic crust
as well as the
various layers of
the Earth's interior.
The lithosphere is broken up into different
plates as shown by the picture.
Historical Development of
the concept of EARTH
SYSTEM
Sources:
1. Ms. Laguda ppt. (Regional SHS
Mass Training of Grade 11
Teachers)
2.TG Earth & Life Science
The Earth as a
System