GROUP 7

FEMALE
REPRODUCTIV
E SYSTEM

INSYIRAH . RAIHAN . MUNA IZZAH . SARAH QISTINA . INATHA NABILAH . NUR FATIHAH .
NURUL IZZATI
01 The female reproductive system
consists of internal and external
organs.

Introduction Creates hormones and responsible

for fertility, menstruation and
sexual activity.

Includes organs such as the

uterus (womb), ovaries, fallopian
tubes (uterine tubes) and vagina,
as well as hormones.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
INTERNAL PARTS
Uterine fundus
Fallopian
tube

ovary

Ovarian ligament uterus

Myometrium
Cervical canal
cervix

vagina
Development
of female
reproductive
system
Let's goooooooo!!!!!!
1.Blastula is the result of fertilization
where a sperm and an egg fuse together.

2.It moves down the uterine tubes into the

uterine cavity and implants into the
uterine wall.

3.Gastrulation is a process that will form

3 germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and
endoderm.
Germ cells coming in through the primitive streak entering the fetus and
climbing through amoebic movement past the primitive gut into the dorsal
mesentery then go to genital ridge.
After 6 weeks:
5. In female embryo, there is no Y-chromosome so there is no SRY gene.

6.The gonads will be differentiated to ovaries through INDIFFERENT STAGE.

7.In this stage, all embryos have 2 pair of ducts, both ending at cloaca.
7.In the female, there are no Leydig cells to produce testosterone. In the absence
of this hormone, the mesonephric ducts degenerate, leaving behind only a
vestigial remnant – Gartner’s duct.

8.Equally, the absence of anti-Mullerian hormone also allows for development

of the paramesonephric ducts. Initially, these ducts can be described as having
three parts:
✦ Cranial – becomes the Fallopian tubes
✦ Horizontal – becomes the Fallopian tubes
✦ Caudal – fuses to form the uterus, cervix and upper 1/3 of the vagina.

9.The lower 2/3 of the vagina is formed by sinovaginal bulbs (derived from

the pelvic part of the urogenital sinus).
OVARIES

 Usually paired
 May be solid or hollow
 Size can vary greatly depending on
species and stage of reproductive
activity
 OVARIAN HISTOLOGY
 Serosa
       -outer covering of tough connective tissue.

 Germinal epithelium
       -single layer of cells once thought to produce the germ cells - thus its name

 Ovarian stroma/ cortex

       -contains follicles and scar tissue, some blood vessels

 Ovarian hylus/ medulla

       -contains blood vessels, nerves, lymph 
Oogenesis
 Formation of female
gametes(ovum)
 Starts before birth
(embryonic stage of fetal
development)
 Takes place in ovary.
1. Primordial germ cells undergo multiple mitotic division to form oogonium (diploid)
2. Oogonium grows to form primary oocytes. Each primary oocytes is surrounded by one/ more
layers of follicular cells, forming primary follicle.
3. As fetal development continues, all  primary oocytes undergo meiosis I but stop at prophase I.
4. At birth, a female baby has millions of primary oocytes that remain dormant in prophase I of
meiosis I. However, this number reduced  at puberty.
5. Upon puberty, this primary oocyte become active and meiosis I continue to form haploid
secondary oocyte and a first polar body. The secondary start meiosis II but stops at metaphase
II. The first polar body goes on to complete meiosis II to form two second polar bodies.
6. At this stage, the secondary oocyte surrounded by layers of follicular cells is called  Secondary
follicle.
7. The secondary follicle increases in size and mature to form graafian follicle (release estrogen).
8. The Graafian Follicle merges with the all of the ovary to release the secondary oocyte into the
Fallopian tube. (ovulation).
9. The secondary oocyte will complete meiosis II to produce ovum (n) and first polar body (n) if a
sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte during fertilization.
UTERINE TUBE
-10 cm long tubes that extend from the uterus towards the 
 ovaries
-Muscular tube lined with  ciliated cells
     -cilia help to move the egg and sperm through the
       tube
-Have 4 major portions :

-Intramural
Segment that pierces the uterine wall

-Isthmus
Narrowest part of the tube and lies just 
Lateral to the uterus

-Ampulla 
The widest part of the tube

-Infundibulum
-Funnel shape lateral end that projects beyond the broad 
Ligaments and overlies the ovary.
-The free edge of the funnel has several finger-like
processes (fimbrae), which are draped over the ovary
 UTERINE TUBE
-Enclosed in
superior margin of
broad ligament
 (mesosalpinx)

-Stretches from
the ovary to the
level of the
fallopian tube.
 FUNCTIONS OF UTERINE
TUBE

Received the ovulated egg

• Fimbrae guides the ovulated egg into the tube

An important passageway for an egg and a sperm

to meet (within the Ampula)
• Area where fertilization occurs

Carry the egg and zygote (if fertilization occur) to

the uterus
 UTERUS
 Situated between the urinary bladder and
rectum
 Inverted pear shaped, thick- walled hollow,
muscular organ.
 Size of uterus in females who never been
pregnant: 7.5cm (3in) long, 5cm (2in) wide,
and 2.5cm (1 in.) thick.
 Size larger when females recently been
pregnant
 Smaller (atrophied) when sex hormone
levels are low, as occur after menopause
 Responsible for the development of the
embryo and fetus during pregnancy.
  Responsible for menstrual cycle.
 ANATOMICAL
SUBDIVISIONS 3.Isthmus
OF UTERUS narrow neck region
1- Fundus
• The part of uterus
above the level of
uterine tubes 3- Cervix
the broad curved upper • cavity is
area in which the fusiform
fallopian tubes connect extends
to the uterus downward from
the isthmus
until it opens
2- Body
into the vagina
• cavity is triangular
• The part of uterus from
the level of uterine
tube to the level of the
isthmus of uterus
 Normal Position and
Angulations
• Anteverted & anteflexed.
Anteversion: forward
angulation below the cervix
and vagina (90 ͦ).
Anteflexion: forward
angulation below the body
and cervix (120-125 ͦ).
• Long axis of uterus
corresponds to the axis of
pelvic inlet.
 Surfaces of the
Uterus
Anterior (vesical) surface :
• Flat & related to urinary bladder.
• Directed downwards & forwards.
• Covered with peritoneum.
• Forms the posterior wall of the
utero-vesical pouch.
Posterior (intestinal) surface:
• Convex & related to terminal
coils of ileum and sigmoid colon.
• Covered with peritoneum.
• Forms the anterior wall of the
rectouterine pouch.
 Borders of the Uterus
Lateral
border
Rounded
Uterine tube
opens into the
Uterine artery
ascends along the
lateral border below
and uterus at the 2 layers of
convex. upper end of this broad ligament.
border.

Provides The ligament of

attachment to the The round ligament
of uterus is
ovary is attached
broad ligament of posteroinferior to
attached
uterus. anteroinferior to the the tube.
tube.
 Cavity of the Uterus

• Vertical slit in sagittal section

• Triangular in coronal section
• Base is formed by the fundus
• Apex is formed by the internal
os
• Communicates with the
cervical canal through the
internal os
• Endometrium: Mucous
membrane of the uterine
cavity
 Cervical Canal
• Fusiform in shape.
• Flattened from before backwards.
• Communicates with the uterine
cavity above, through the internal
os.
• Communicates with the vaginal
cavity below, through the external
os.
• Arbor vitae uteri: mucosal folds in
the anterior & posterior walls of
canal which resemble the branches
of a tree.
• Mucosal folds interlock with each
other and close the canal.
 Histology of uterus

3 layers
1. Perimetrium – outer layer
 Part of visceral peritoneum
2. Myometrium
 3 layers of smooth muscle
 Contractions in response to oxytocin from
posterior pituitary
3. Endometrium – inner layer
 Highly vascularized
 Stratum functionalis –lines cavity, sloughs
off during menstruation
 Stratum basalis – permanent, gives rise to
new stratum functionalis after each
menstruation
 Ligament of uterus

Broad
Uterosacral
Cardinal
Round
Blood supply of uterus
VAGINA
✦ Fibromuscular canal extending from exterior of body to
uterine cervix
✦ Mucosa continuous with uterine mucosa           
I. Decomposition of glycogen makes acidic environment
hostile to microbes and sperm
II. Alkaline components of semen raise pH
✦ The epithelium and areolar connective tissue of the vagina
lie in a series of transverse folds called rugae
✦ Muscularis – 2 layers of smooth muscle
✦ Adventitia – anchors vagina to adjacent organs
✦ Hymen – forms a border around and partially closes vaginal
orifice
 VULVA
Mons pubis

Vulva is the global term that describes all of the

structures that make female external genitalia.

the organs of the female reproductive system

located in the perineum, outside the pelvis

The components of the vulva are the mons pubis,

labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule,
Structures of vulva part hymen, vestibular bulb and vestibular glands.

Vulva is important in many aspects like

reproduction and sexual pleasure, parturition and
• Parturition – action of giving birth the protection of the internal genital organs.
FUNCTION OF VULVA
Acts as sensory Protects the
tissue during internal female
sexual reproductive tract
intercourse from infection.

Assists in
micturition by
directing the flow
of urine
Micturition – action of urinating
 STRUCTURE OF VULVA
• two hairless folds of skin,
which lie within the labia
majora.
• They fuse anteriorly to
form the hood of the
clitoris and extend
posteriorly either side of
the vaginal opening.
• Two hair-bearing external
skin folds.
• Extend from the mons
pubis posteriorly to the
posterior commissure (a
depression overlying the
perineal body).
a subcutaneous fat pad located anterior
to the pubic symphysis.Formed by the
fusion of the labia majora.
located under the clitoral
hood. Formed of erectile
corpora cavernosa tissue.
• The tube that carries
urine from bladder to
the outside of the
body.
• Its opening is located
below the clitoris,
directly above the
vaginal opening. 
The vaginal opening is located
between the urethra and the anus.
• Formed of
erectile tissue
and arise near
the back side of Area between the two
the body of the labia minora. Its
clitoris. upper end arises just
• Running along beneath the clitoris
the middle edge and ends at the rear
of the crus of fold of the labia
the clitoris & run minora. 
towards the
urethra and the
vagina.

Sometimes referred
Also known as
to as the greater
the lesser
vestibular glands,
vestibular
these are two pea-
glands, these sit
sized structures
on either side of
that are found to
the urethra.
the back and
slightly to the side
Hymen- thin piece of tissue located at of the opening of
the opening of the vagina. the vagina.
 INNERVATION OF VULVA
✦ The vulva receives sensory and parasympathetic nervous
supply.
✦ To describe the sensory distribution, the vulva can be
divided into anterior and posterior sections:
✦ Anterior – ilioinguinal nerve, genital branch of the
genitofemoral nerve
✦ Posterior – pudendal nerve, posterior cutaneous nerve of the
Cutaneous innervation the skin of the vulva and
thigh. perineum
✦ The clitoris and the vestibule also receive parasympathetic
innervation from the cavernous nerves – derived from the
Innervation : –
uterovaginal plexus.  the process of supplying nerves to an
organ or part of the body.
 PERINEUM

✦ Perineum is anatomical region in pelvis – located between thighs & represents most
inferior part of pelvic outlet
✦ Perineum is separated from pelvic cavity superiorly by pelvic floor 
✦ Perineum is a diamond-shaped region between the pubic arch anteriorly, sacrum &
coccyx posteriorly & ischial tuberosities laterally on each side
✦ Contain structures that support the urogenital (urogenital triangle) & gastrointestinal
system (anal triangle) - play important role in function such as micturition, defecation,
sexual intercourse & childbirth
PERINEUM

Pubic arch
Urogenital Triangle

Perineum

Anal Triangle
 PERINEUM
✦ Muscles of Perineum
 PERINEUM

Pelvic Floor
✦ Formed by the funnel-shaped pelvic diaphragm
✦ The pelvic diaphragm consist of levator ani muscle
& coccygeus muscle
✦ Function of the pelvic diaphragm  is to support the
pelvic organs & prevent them from prolapse
MAMMARY GLANDS
• Modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands
• Lie over pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscle
• Attached to them by a layer of deep fasciacomposed of dense
irregular connective tissue 
• Each breast has one nipple which is pigmented projection
• Lactiferous ducts –a series of closely space opening where milk
emerges
• The circular pigmented area of skin surrounding the nipple is
called areola – appears rough, contain modified sebaceous (oil)
glands 
• The suspensory ligaments of breast (Cooper’s Ligaments) is a
strand of connective tissue-run between the skin and deep fascia
to support the breast 
 Become looser with age / excessive strain ( long-term jogging/
high-impact aerobics
 Slow the appearance of “Cooper’s Droop” by wearing a
supportive bra. 
• Internal Mammary glands consists of 15 to 20 lobes
• Separated by a variable amount of adipose tissue 
• Each lobe contain several smaller compartment called lobules
MAMMARY GLANDS
• Lobules composed of grapelike clusters of milk-secreting glands
termed alveoli – embeded in connective tissue
• Myoepithelial cells surround the alveoli- contracting to help propel
milk toward the nipple
• When milk produced, it passed from the alveoli into a series of
secondary tubules and then into mammry ducts
• Near the nipple, mamamry ducts expand to form sinuses called
lactiferous sinuses
 Milk being stored before draining into a lactiferous duct which
typically carries milk from one of lobes to the exterior
• Main function of mammary gland- lactation which synthesis,
secretion and ejection of milk 
• Associated with pregnancy and childbirth 
• Milk production is stimulated largely by the hormone prolactin
from anterior pituitary with contributions from progestrone and
estrogens.
• Ejection of milk is stimulated by oxytocin- released from the
posterior pituitary which response to the sucking of a baby on the
mother’s nipple.
 CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES REPRODUCTIVE
TRACT
Abnormalities of the uterus • Septate uterus
✦ There are few types of female • Bicornuate uterus
reproductive congenital • Arcuate uterus
• Unicornuate
abnormalities: • Didelphys

Abnormalities of the vulva • Labial hypoplasia

• Labial hypertrophy

Abnormalities of the hymen • Imperforate hymen

Abnormalities of the vagina
Abnormalities of the cervix
• Microperforate hymen
• Septate hymen
• Transverse vaginal septum
• Vertical or complete vaginal
septum
• Vaginal agenesis
• Cervical agenesis
• Cervical duplication
 Congenital Abnormalities Tract 

Abnormalities of the
uterus
Abnormalities of the Vulva

Abnormalities of the Abnormalities of the vagina

Cervical
hymen Cervical Duplication
Agenesis
 Congenital Abnormalities of Vagina
Congenital abnormalities Transverse vaginal septum
definition • a horizontal "wall" of tissue that has
formed during embryologic
development and essentially creates
a blockage of the vagina.
• forms during embryological
development when the tubes that
eventually become a vagina don't
fuse together properly
symptom • the absence of a menstrual cycle,
amenorrhea
• periods that last beyond the normal
four to seven day cycle
• abdominal pain from blood collecting
in the upper vagina.
Treatment  surgical
Vertical or complete vagina septum
• there is a wall of tissue running vertically
up and down the length of a girl’s
vagina, dividing it into two separate
cavities
• also known as “double vagina” or
longitudinal vaginal septum (LVS).
• may not even be aware until hit puberty.
• Pain when inserting or removing a
tampon
• Menstrual blood that leaks out even
when using a tampon
• Pain during intercourse
surgical
Vagina agenesis
• the vagina doesn't develop, and
the womb (uterus) may only
develop partially or not at all
• present before birth and may
also be associated with kidney
or skeletal problems
• mullerian ducts don't develop
properly.
• often goes unnoticed until
females reach their teens, but
don't menstruate (amenorrhea)
• vagina may be shortened
without a cervix at the end, or
absent and marked only by a
slight indentation where a
vaginal opening would typically
be located.
• may be no uterus or one that's
only partially developed.
surgical
Congenital Malformations of Vulva

Labial Hypoplasia Labial Hypertrophy

One or both labia may not develop One or both labia may grow to
normally. This may be evident in larger sizes. Enlargement of the
childhood or may only be evident labia can result in irritation, chronic
through pubertal development as infections, pain, interference with
one side develops normally and the sexual activity, and/or interference
other side is noted to be smaller or with activity involving vulvar
absent.  compression such as horseback
riding.
 Congenital Anomalies of The Cervix
Congenital Cervical Agenesis Cervical Duplication
abnormality of
Cervix

Definition ☻ occurs when a girl is born without cervix.
☻ the opening at the bottom of the uterus that
connects to vagina
☻ Occurs along with vaginal agenesis where a girl
has born without vagina
☻ A rare genetic condition in which a girl is born with 2
cervices.
☻ the reproductive tract forms as two tubes which meet in the
midline and are intended to fuse. There are cases where
fusion does not occur, and two cervices can result as with
two uteri. This may or may not be associated with a
complete vaginal septum
☻ Sometimes called the “neck” that connected the uterus and
vagina
☻ Occurs along with condition known as uterine duplication
where girl has a double uterus

Symptoms ☻ Failure to start having periods at puberty
(primary amenorrhea)
☻ Abnormal pain
Risk Factor Occurs when the baby reproductive system fail to
develop fully in the womb. Others reproductive
organ may also be missing or smaller than usual
Do not have symptoms and their outer genitals appear
normal.
If they do have symptoms, they usually caused by other
abnormalities that exist in their uterus and/or vagina
risk for premature labor and also for breech presentation
(which means that the baby is coming out feet first) which
would most likely necessitate a cesarean delivery

Diagnosis ☻ Ultrasound ☻ Imaging- ultrasound, MRI, hysterosalpingography

☻ Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ( an x-ray with dye )
☻ Hysteroscopy
☻ Vaginascopy
 Congenital Anomalies of The Cervix

Cervical Agenesis Cervical Duplication

 ABNORMALITIES OF FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYS.
Gynecologic
Endometriosis Uterine Fibroids
Cancer

Polycystic Ovary
Syndrome Mastitis Breast Cancer
(PCOS)

Atypical
Hyperplasia
 Endometriosis

 Happen when tissue that is similar to the tissue that lines in the
endometrium grows outside of uterus
 This tissue acts like regular uterine tissue does – it will break
apart & bleed at the end of the cycle
 But this blood has nowhere to go
 Surrounding areas may become inflamed or swollen

Symptoms
 Back pain during period
 Severe menstrual cramps
Causes  Pain when pooping/peeing, 
especially during period
 Doctors do not know exactly what causes endometriosis  Unusual / heavy bleeding
 Some experts think it is because of retrograde during periods
menstruation  - menstrual blood that contains endometrial  Blood in stool / urine
cells may pass back through fallopian tubes & into pelvic  Diarrhea or constipation
cavity, where the cells stick to the organs.  Painful intercourse
 Genes could also play a role. Research shows that it tends  Fatigue that won't go away
to get worse from one generation to the next  Trouble getting pregnant
 Immune system disorders
Uterine Fibroids
-Fibroid uterus is a common benign tumor of
female genital tract
-The tumor is composed of smooth muscle &
fibrous connective tissue due to proliferation
-also called as leiomyoma and fibromyoma
-Common in nullipara woman which is a woman
who has never carried a pregnancy beyond 20
weeks
-The prevalence is highest between 35-45 years
-Fibroid may affect the reproductive outcome
adversly by enlargement & disortion of the uterus
or poor endometrial vascularity
 Types of Uterine Fibroids
Submucosal fibroids/leiomyoma​
-Fibroid that grow towards the internal
layer (mucosa) of the uterus and
protrude into the uterine cavity
Subserosal fibroids/leiomyoma​
-Fibroids that are grow more towards the
outside of the uterus​
-Partially / completely covered by
peritoneum​
-Located near the outer layer (serosa) of
the uterus​
Pedunculated Fibroids/leiomyoma​
-Fibroids that are attached to the uterus     
by slender stems or stalks called  peduncles.​
-Fibroid stems are made of the same smooth
muscle as fibroids themselves .​
-Range size between 5mm to 10cm​
-Pedunculated submucosal fibroid: When
the fibroid located inside the uterine
cavity and project inward toward the center.
-Pedunculated subserosal fibroid: When
the fibroid grow on the outer wall of
the uterus and project toward the pelvis. 
Intramural fibroids/leiomyoma​
-Fibroid that grows predominantly within
the width of the uterine muscle
or myometrium​
 Factors , Symptoms & Complications of Uterine Fibroids

Complication
Risk factors  Symptoms
s
Age –Older women are at higher risk than Miscarriage 
Heavy menstrual bleeding
younger women)

Pre-term labour
Heredity (family history) Menstrual periods lasting more than a week

Degenerations
Hormones- The growth of fibroids depend on
Pelvic pressure / pain
the level presence of Estrogen & Progestrone.

Haemorrhage
Frequent urination due to the pressure of
Obesity
the bladder
Infection

Constipation due to the  pressure of the

Vitamin D deficiency Necrosis- the death of most of the cells in an
colon 
organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure
of the blood supply.
Hydronephrosis due to pressure of the
Alcohol Polycythemia due to erythropoietic function
ureters
by tumor

Birth control use Backache  or Leg pains Infertility

 Diagnosis of Uterine Fibroids

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

-Show more detail in size and location of

fibroids.
-Identify different types of tumors
-Help determine appropriate treatment
options.
-Most often used in women with a larger
uterus or in women approaching menopause
 Diagnosis of Uterine Fibroids

Hysterosonography

-Also called as saline infusion sonogram,

uses sterile salt water (saline) to expand the
uterine cavity
-Making it easier to get images of
submucosal fibroids and the lining of the
uterus in women attempting pregnancy or
have a heavy menses bleeding
 Diagnosis of Uterine Fibroids

Hysterosalpingography

-A slender catherter wil placed inside the

cervix and it will releases a liquid contrast
material that flows into the uterus.
-The dye traces the shape of the uterine
cavity and fallopian tubes and makes them
visible on X-ray images.
 Diagnosis of Uterine Fibroids

Hysteroscopy

-A thin, lighted instrument (hysteroscope)

provides a view of the inside of the uterus
-The image of fibroid will be observed through
computer screen
 Gynecologic Cancer

Five Main Types

Of Gynecologic  Gynecologic cancer is any cancer that starts in a woman's
reproductive organs. 
Cancer  Begin in different places within a woman's pelvis, which is the
area below the stomach and in between the hip bones
1. Cervical cancer
2. Endometrial
cancer
3. Ovarian cancer
4. Vaginal cancer
5. Vulvar cancer
 1. Cervical Cancer

Causes
 occurs in the cells of the
cervix  Infection with Human
 develop quite slowly and Papillomavirus (HPV)
begins with a precancerous  Sexual history
condition known as i. Multiple sex partner
dysplasia ii. Began having sexual
relation before age of 18
 Risk Factor
Symptoms i. Smoking
 Bleeding that occurs between regular menstrual periods ii. Weak immune system
 Bleeding after sexual intercourse, douching, or a pelvic iii. Several pregnancies
exam iv. Giving birth at a very
 Menstrual periods that last longer and are heavier than young ages
before v. Long term use of the
 Bleeding after going through menopause contraceptive pill
 Increased vaginal discharge vi. Family history
 Pelvic pain
Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer
 2. Endometrial Cancer
 a type of cancer that begins
Causes
in the uterus.  Obesity
 begins in the layer of cells  Diet high in animal fat
that form the lining  Family history of endometrial, ovarian and/or colon
(endometrium) of the uterus cancers (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal
 Endometrial cancer is cancer)

sometimes called uterine  Starting monthly periods before age 12

cancer.
 Late menopause
Symptoms
 Infertility (inability to become pregnant)
 Bleeding or discharge not related to your periods (menstruation) — over
90 percent of women diagnosed with endometrial cancer have abnormal  Never having children
vaginal bleeding
 Being treated with tamoxifen for breast cancer
 Postmenopausal bleeding
 Hormonal imbalance — having too much estrogen
 Difficult or painful urination and not enough progesterone in the bod
 Diabetes
 Pain during intercourse
 Personal history of polycystic ovary syndrome or
atypical endometrial hyperplasia
 Pain and/or mass in the pelvic area
Diagnosis of Endometrium Cancer
 3. Ovarian Cancer
 a growth of cells that forms in the
ovaries
 The cells multiply quickly and can
invade and destroy healthy body
tissue.
 Type of Ovarian Cancer
 Epithelial ovarian cancer
 Stromal tumors
 Germ cell tumors
Symptoms
 Abdominal bloating or swelling
 Quickly feeling full when eating
 Weight loss
 Discomfort in the pelvic area
 Fatigue
 Back pain
 Changes in bowel habits, such as constipation
 A frequent need to urinate
Causes
 Begins when cells in or near the ovaries develop
changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell's DNA
contains the instructions that tell the cell what to
do. The changes tell the cells to grow and
multiply quickly, creating a mass (tumor) of
cancer cells. The cancer cells continue living
when healthy cells would die. They can invade
nearby tissues and break off from an initial tumor
to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the
body
 Risk factor
 Older age
 Inherited gene changes
 Family history of ovarian cancer
 Being overweight or obese
 Postmenopausal hormone replacement
therapy
 Endometriosis
 Age when menstruation started and ended
 Never having been pregnant
Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer
 4. Vaginal Cancer

 A rare cancer that usually Causes

forms in your vaginal lining
 Types of Vaginal Cancer  not clear what causes vaginal cancer

 Squamous cell carcinoma  Risk factor

 Increasing age
 Adenocarcinoma
 Atypical cells in the vagina called
 Melanoma vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia
 Sarcoma
 Exposure to miscarriage prevention
Symptoms drug
 Vaginal bleeding (unrelated to menstruation) after intercourse.  Multiple sexual partners
 Vaginal bleeding after menopause (when you no longer get  Early age at first intercourse
periods).  Smoking
 Vaginal discharge that’s watery, bloody or foul-smelling.  HIV infection
 Pain during intercourse.
 A noticeable mass in your vagina.
 Painful urination or frequently feeling the urge to pee.
 Constipation or black-colored stools.
 Feeling the urge to poop when your bowels are empty.
 Pelvic pain.
 Diagnosis of Vaginal Cancer

Physical &
Medical Colposcopy
Pelvic
History Examination & Biopsy

HPV
Imaging Test
Tests
 5. Vulva Cancer
 occurs on the outer surface area
of the female genitalia
 commonly forms as a lump or
sore on the vulva that often
causes itching
 Types of Vulvar Cancer
 Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma
 Vulvar melanoma
Symptoms
 Itching that doesn't go away
 Pain and tenderness
 Bleeding that isn't from menstruation
 Skin changes, such as color changes or thickening
 A lump, wartlike bumps or an open sore (ulcer)
Causes
 not clear what causes vulvar cancer
 Risk factor
 Increasing age
 Being exposed to human
papillomavirus (HPV)
 Smoking
 Having a weakened immune
system
 Having a history of precancerous
conditions of the vulva
 Having a skin condition involving
the vulva
 Diagnosis of Vulva Cancer

computerized
tomography
(CT) scan or
Colposcopy &
magnetic Cystoscopy Imaging test
biopsy
resonance
imaging (MRI)
scan
POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROM
(PCOS)
A condition that affects woman’s hormone
levels and woman ovaries works.

Polycystic ovaries contain a large number of

harmless follicles that are up to 8mm
(approximately 0.3in) in size.

Women with PCOS produce higher-than-normal

amounts of male hormones.
 PCOS affects a Doctors don’t
woman’s know exactly
Related to Polycystic
ovaries, the what causes
abnormal ovary syndrome
reproductive The ovaries PCOS. They
hormone (PCOS) affects
organs that also produce a believe it stems
up to almost 27
levels in the produce small amount of from factors
percent of
body, estrogen and male hormones
women during
such as genes,
including high progesterone — called insulin
their
levels of hormones that androgens. resistance, and
childbearing
insulin. regulate the higher levels of
years.
menstrual inflammation in
cycle. the body.
Diagnosis of PCOS
Ultrasound diagnosis of PCOS
 Mastitis
• An inflammation of breast tissue that sometimes involves an infection
• A type of benign (noncancerous) breast disease
• Commonly affect woman who are breastfeeding (the first 6 to 12 weeks of breastfeeding)

Who might get Mastitis ?

 Breast implants  Nicks in skin from plucking or shaving chest hair
 Diabetes/ other autoimmune disease  Nipple piercing
 Eczema/ similar skin condition  Tobacco/ nicotine addiction (smoking)

Is it safe to continue breastfeeding when mother have mastitis ?

Type of Mastitis
Yes, mother should continue to nurse her baby
• can’t pass a breast infection to baby through breast milk 1. Lactation
• Breast milk has antibacterial properties that help babies fight infection 2. Periductal
• Antibiotics prescribes for mastitis are also safe for baby
• It may be uncomfortable to nurse when mother have mastitis
• breastfeeding helps move milk through milk ducts, opening them up.
• When nursing, start baby on the affected breast first
• will ensure milk doesn’t stay in the milk ducts and allow bacteria to grow.
 Causes Symptoms Diagnosed

• Cracked, sore • Breast lump • Physical examination

nipples • Breast pain (mastalgia)/ burning sensation • Check symptom
• Improper latching that worsen when baby nurses • If did not breastfeeding
technique/ using only • Fatigue  Mammogram
one position to • Flu/fever  Ultrasound
breastfeeding • Headaches
• Wearing tight-fitting • Nausea/vomiting
bras that restrict milk • Nipple discharge
flow

Complications

• Lead to a breast abscess which is a painful accumulations of pus that develop from
untreated infections. 
 Breast Cancer
• Happen when cells in your breast grow and divide in uncontrolled way,
creating a mass of tissue.

Type of Breast Cancer

1. Infiltrating (Invasive) Ductal

Carcinoma
2. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ/ Stage 0
Breast Cancer
3. Infiltrating (Invasive) Lobular
Carcinoma
4. Lobular Carcinoma In Situ
5. Triple Negative Breast Cancer
(TNBC)
6. Paget’s Disease
7. Inflammatory Breast Cancer
 Symptoms of Breast Cancer
1. A change in size, share or contour of breast 5. Redness of skin on breast or nipple
2. A mass or lump- may feel as small as a pea 6. An area that distinctly different from any other
3. A lump or thickening in or near breast or area on either breast
underarm that persist through menstrual cycle 7. A marble-like hardened area under your skin
4. A change in the look or feel of skin on breast 8. A blood-stained or clear fluid discharge from
or nipple ( dimpled, puckered, scaly or nipple
inflamed )

Diagnosed of Breast Cancer Causes of Breast Cancer

• Mammogram • Magnetic Resonance 1. Age 4. Smoking 8. Hormone

• Ultrasound Imaging (MRI) 2. Sex 5. Alcohol use replacement
• Positron emission • Scintimammography 3. Family 6. Obesity therapy
tomography • Breast self-examination history and 7. Radiation
(PET)scanning • Biopsy genetic exposure
 Atypical Hyperplasia
 An accumulation of abnormal cells in the milk ducts and
lobules of the breast.
 It isn't cancer, but it increases the risk of breast cancer. 
 forms when breast cells become abnormal in number, size,
shape, growth pattern and appearance

 Atypical ductal hyperplasia describes abnormal cells within the breast ducts.

 Atypical lobular hyperplasia describes abnormal cells within the breast lobules.
 Diagnosis
Reduce Risk 
 clinical breast exam 
 Mammogram  Take preventive medications ( tamoxifen,
 ultrasound. raloxifene, exemestane, anastrozole)
 Avoid menopausal hormone therapy
 Participate in a clinical trial
 Consider risk-reducing (prophylactic)
mastectomy
 Make healthy lifestyle choices
Treatment

  surgery