BALUGA, BASA, ONG

Gland

Location

Hormone

Chemical Nature

Target Structure

Function

Hypersecretion

Hyposecretion

Anterior Pituitary

Base of the neck

Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone (TSH)

Protein (Glycoprotein)

Thyroid gland

Increases thyroid
hormone secretion
(thyroxine and
triiodothyronine)

Hyperthyroidism,

Hypothyroidismmyxedema (adult)

Graves disease - high

metabolism, sweating,
rapid heartbeat, weight
loss
Exophthalmos - bulging
eyes

Adrenocorticotropic
(ACTH)

Polypeptide

Adrenal Cortex

Tropic hormone that

stimulates secretion of
adrenal cortex

Overstimulation of
adrenal cortex hormones

Chilled
Constipation
Goiter - enlarged thyroid
Cretinism (pre-adult) infant hypothyroidism
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone deficiency
Cushings Syndrome weight gain. thinning skin
that bruises easily

Follicle - Stimulating
Hormone (FSH)

Luteinising Hormone (LH)

Glycoprotein polypeptide

Glycoprotein

Follicles in Ovary

Promotes follicle
maturation

Under Stimulation of
adrenal cortex hormones

Seminiferous Tubules

Promotes sperm
production

Kallmann Syndrome failure to start/complete

puberty. Leads to
infertility.

Ovary

Promotes ovulation and

progesterone production

Infertility

Testis

Promotes testosterone
synthesis

Lutropin

Isolated FSH deficiency

bPartial Follicle
stimulating hormone
deficiency - delayed
puberty and limited sperm
production
Lack of sexual
development

Miscarriage
Sterility
Multiple births
Hypogonadism

Growth Hormone (GH)

Somatotrophic Hormone

Protein

Most tissues

Controls bone and tissue

growth and regulates
metabolism (influences
secretion of insulin-like
growth factor I from liver)

Gigantism (pre-adult)abnormally tall (~ 8ft)

Dwarfism (pre-adult)
Panhypopituitarism

Acromegaly (mature
adult) - abnormal growth
of hands, feet and face

Tend to feel tired that

impairs their well-being

BALUGA, BASA, ONG

Gland

Location

Hormone

Chemical Nature

Target Cells

Function

Hypersecretion

Hyposecretion

Anterior Pituitary
(continuation)

Base of neck

Prolactin (PRL)

Protein

Ovaries and Mammary

Glands

Development of
mammary glands

Prolactinoma - benign
pituitary tumor

Hypoprolactinemia

Milk synthesis

Hypoestrogenism with
anovulatory infertility
- menstruation without
ovulation

Testis

Increases sensitivity to
Lutein Hormone

Puerperal Alactogenesis inability to lactate

Infertility in males
Melanocyte-Stimulating
Hormone (MSH)

Posterior Pituitary

Base of the brain

Oxytocin

Peptide

Neuropeptide

Melanocytes

Increases melanin
production that makes
skin and hair
pigmentation darker

Dark Blotches

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Causes skin pigmentation

Albinism

Uterus

Increase uterine
contractions

Hyponatremia - loss of
sodium in kidneys

prolonged difficult labor

and delivery (uncertain)

Mammary glands

Increase milk letdown

inappropriate ejection of
milk in lactating women

Self- absorption

Below hypothalamus

Antidiuretic Hormone
(ADH)

Peptide

Kidney Tubules

Gives females maternal

behavior

Abnormal mental status

Retains water

High blood-pressure

Lowers urine production

Meningitis

Decreased solute
concentration

Edema

Diabetes Insipidus inability to retain water

Vasopressin

Retain Water
Weight gain
Decreased solute
concentration
Thyroid

Anterior neck

Calcitonin

Polypeptide

Primarily bone

Decreases rate of bone

breakdown

Inferior to adams apple

Prevent large increase in
blood Calcium levels
following a meal

Possible hypercalcemia

Possible hypocalcemia

BALUGA, BASA, ONG

Gland

Location

Hormone

Chemical Nature

Target Cells

Function

Hypersecretion

Hyposecretion

Thyroid
(continuation)

Anterior neck

Thyroxine (T4)

Tyrosine

Most cells of the body

Triiodothyronine is the
active form of thyroxine

Hypothyroidism/
Myxedema

Inferior to adams apple

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Tyrosine

Thyrotoxicosis - can cause

goiter, menstrual
irregularities, increased
bowel movements
Graves disease

Increases metabolic rate

and body heat

Creatinism
Low metabolic rate

Increases number of
adrenaline receptors in
blood

Exophthalmos
Weight gain
Infertility

Parathyroid

Posterior to thyroid

Parathyroid hormone
(PTH)

Polypeptide

Skeleton

Regulates growth and

development

Memory fatigue

Regulates blood pressure

Muscle stiffness

Stimulates osteoclasts to
put more calcium in blood

Kidney
Parathormone
Intestines

Resorption of calcium by
kidneys
Activates vitamin D

Hyperparathyroidism depression of nervous

system -- abnormal
reflexes

Hypoparathyroidism - loss
of sensation

Weakness in skeletal
muscles

Can lead to
paralysis/death

Muscle twitch

Fragile bones
Kidney stones
Adrenal Cortex

Adrenal glands on top of

each kidney

Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone

The cortex is the outer

part

Steroid

Kidneys; to lesser degree

Increase rate of potassium

excretion

Addisons Disease progressive anemia, low

blood pressure, great
weakness, and bronze
discoloration of the skin

Favor water retention

High potassium levels

Increase blood volume

reabsorption of sodium

Intestine
Sweat glands

Low sodium levels

Primary Aldosteronism fatigue, numbness,

headaches
Hypertension and edema
due to sodium and water
retention, accelerated
secretion of potassium

BALUGA, BASA, ONG

Gland

Location

Hormone

Chemical Nature

Target Cell

Function

Hypersecretion

Hyposecretion

Adrenal Cortex
(continuation)

Adrenal glands on top of

each kidney

Glucocorticoids

Steroid

Most tissues (e.g. liver,

fat, skeletal muscle,
immune tissue)

Increase fat and protein

breakdown

Addisons disease
Fatigue

Cushings Syndrome weight gain. thinning skin

that bruises easily

Dizziness upon standing

Lack of sex drive

Weightloss
Muscle weakness

Irregular periods

Cortisol
The cortex is the outer
part

Increase glucose synthesis

Increase blood nutrient
levels

Adrenal androgens

Steroid

Most tissues

Inhibit inflammation and

immune response

Darkening of skin regions

Increase female sexual

drive

Androgenital Syndrome masculinization of women

Growth of pubic and

axillary hair

Precocious puberty muscle atrophy and breast

growth in male

Low libido
Fatigue

Produce male sex

characteristics

Menopause
Infertility
Osteoporosis

Adrenal Medulla

Adrenal glands on top of

each kidney

Epinephrine
Adrenaline

The medulla is the inner

region

Norepinephrine
Noradrenaline

Catecholamine

Heart
Blood vessels

Increases heart rate,

blood pressure, cardiac
output and glucose blood
levels

Liver
Fat cells

Pancreas

Sits across the back of the

abdomen

Addisons Disease progressive anemia, low

blood pressure, great
weakness, and bronze
discoloration of the skin

Cushings Syndrome weight gain. thinning skin

that bruises easily

Hypotension,
hypoglycemia,
dehydration

Hypertension,
hyperglycemia,
water-retention,
sweating, nervousness,
complete exhaustion

Glucagon

Peptide

Liver

Breaks down glycogen and

increases blood sugar
levels

Hyperglycemia - high
blood sugar

Hypoglycemia - low blood

sugar levels

Insulin

Peptide

Liver

Decreases blood sugar

level

Hypoglycemia

Diabetes Mellitus - high

blood sugar levels for a
long period (types 1&2)

Behind the stomach

Skeletal muscle
Adipose tissue

Increased protein
synthesis

Hyperglycemia

BALUGA, BASA, ONG

Gland

Location

Hormone

Chemical Nature

Target Cells

Function

Hypersecretion

Hyposecretion

Ovaries

Opposite ends of pelvic

wall

Estrogen

Steroid

Most tissues

Promote development
and maintenance of
female sexual
characteristics

Premature sexual
development (female)

Menopause

infertility

Each side of lower

abdomen

Lack of sexual
development (female)
Infertility
Osteoporosis

Progesterone

Uterus

Most tissues and organs

Prostaglandins

Steroid

Lipids

Most tissues

Most tissues

Act upon platelets,

endothelium, uterine and
mast cells
Testes

Inside the scrotum

Promote conditions
required for pregnancy

Acne
Fluid retention

Maintains placenta

Nausea

Increase breast
development

Risk of bone loss which

can cause osteoporosis

Sterility

Mediate inflammatory
responses
Increase uterine
contractions

Testosterone

Steroid made up of
cholesterol

Most tissues

Promotes development
and maintenance of male
sexual characteristics

Premature sexual
development (male);

Andropause - male
menopause

Muscle hypertrophy

XY Gonadal Dysgenesis child has insensitivity to

androgens thus the child
does not develop testes
and appears feminine
Lack of sexual
development (male)

Pineal

Deep within the center of

the brain

Melatonin

Antioxidant

Among others,
Hypothalamus

Inhibits secretion of
gonadotropin-releasing
hormone, thereby
inhibiting production

Excessive sleepiness

Jet-lagged feeling

Decreased reproductive
behaviour

Insomnia

Seasonal Affective
Disorder (SAD)

BALUGA, BASA, ONG

Gland

Location

Hormone

Chemical Nature

Target Cells

Function

Hypersecretion

Hyposecretion

Thymus

Supero-anterior part of
the the thoracic

Thymosins

Proteins

Immune Tissues

Promotes development of
immune system cells

Increase of dysfunctional
WBC (similar to Leukemia)

Depression of immune
system

WBC
Directly behind the
sternum

Lupus Erythematosus decreased immune

system

Between lungs
AIDS - destruction of WBC