MODULE

4 AWARENESS
RAMP SAFETY
Special Handling and Abnormal Situations

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 MODULE
SEQUENCE
M1
SAFETY AND M2
CONCEPT
EQUIPMENT AERODROME AND M3
SAFETY
PRECAUTION RADIO TELEPHONY M4
TECHNIQUES
SPECIAL
HANDLING AND
ABNORMAL
SITUATION

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 END OF MODULE OBJECTIVE
In the classroom, given scenarios of abnormal situations and
job aid required, you will be able to Apply appropriate
procedure for special handling and abnormal situation, In
accordance with ICAO Annexes 10 & 14, CASR Part 139, and
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).

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INTERMEDIA
TE
OBJECTIVES Take appropriate action in case
of abnormal situation

The trainee should be

able to: Report mission

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 INCIDENT
 An unexpected and usually unpleasant
thing that happens
 Any occurrence associated with the
operation of an aircraft that is not
considered an “aircraft accident”.

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 ACCIDENT
 A sudden event (such as a crash) that is not planned or intended
and that causes damage or injury.
 Any occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft that
takes place between the time a person boards the aircraft with the
intention of flight and the time such person has disembarked, in
which a person suffers death or serious injury as a result of the
occurrence or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage.
(Aircraft Operation)

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 DANGEROUS
GOODS
 General
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) defines
dangerous goods as:
“Articles or substances which are capable of posing a risk to health,
safety, property or the environment and which are shown in the list
of dangerous goods in the Technical Instructions or which are
classified according to those Instructions.”

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 CLASSIFICATION OFDANGEROUS
GOODS
Each class or division has specific criteria that are used to determine
whether an article or substance belongs to that class or division.
These classes are:
 Class 1 : Explosives;
 Class 2 : Gases;
 Class 3 : Flammable Liquids;
 Class 4 : Flammable Solids; substances liable to spontaneous
Combustions; substances which in contact with water emit
flammable gases;

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 CLASSIFICATION OFDANGEROUS
GOODS
 Class 5 : Oxidizing substances and organic
peroxides;
 Class 6 : Toxic and infectious substances;
 Class 7 : Radioactive material;
 Class 8 : Corrosives;
 Class 9 : Miscellaneous dangerous goods

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 COMPLETE LIST OF CLASSES AND
DIVISIONS

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 COMPLETE LIST OF CLASSES AND
DIVISIONS

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 COMPLETE LIST OF CLASSES AND
DIVISIONS

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 COMPLETE LIST OF CLASSES AND
DIVISIONS

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 CLASSIFICATION OF DANGEROUS
GOODS
General emergency procedure in the event of spill or
leakage involving dangerous goods are as follows:
 Notify immediate supervisor first;
 Identify the dangerous goods (if safe to do so);
 Where safe to do so, isolate the package by
removing other packages or property;

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 CLASSIFICATION OF DANGEROUS
GOODS
 Avoid contact with the content of the package;
 If the content come in contact with your body or clothes:
• thoroughly wash off body with plenty of water,
• remove contaminated clothing,
• do not eat or smoke,
• keep hands away from eyes, mouth and nose,
• seek medical assistance.
 Staff involved in such incidents should stay on site until their
names are noted

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 DG EMERGENCY RESPONSE
CHART
Hazard Class
Division and
Compatibility
Dangerous Goods
Class (GROUND
Hazard Description
INCIDENT)
Immediate Action
Minimise leakage and
contact with other
Group cargo
1.3C Explosives (acceptable on Fire and minor blast hazard and/or Notify Fire Department Guard
1.3G Cargo Aircraft Only minor propulsive hazard

1.4B Fire, but no other significant hazard

1.4C
1.4D
1.4E
1.4G

1.4S Explosives (safety) Small fire hazard

2.1 Flammable Gas Ignites when leaking Notify Fire Department Guard
2.2 Non Flammable Gas High pressure cylinder bursting Evacuate goods – ventilated
2.2 Cryogenic Liquid Subcooling area
2.3 Keep away minimum 25 m
Toxic Gas (acceptable on High Pressure cylinder bursting and
Cargo Aircraft Only) toxic inhalation
3 Flammable Liquid Gives off flammable vapour Notify Fire Department Guard
4.1 Flammable solid Combustible, contributes to fire  
4.2 Spontaneously Combustible Ignites in contact with air Do not use water under any
4.3 Dangerous when wet Ignites in contact with water circumstance

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 DG EMERGENCY RESPONSE
CHART
Hazard Class
Division and
Dangerous Goods Class
(GROUND
Hazard Description
INCIDENT)
Immediate Action
Minimise leakage and
Compatibility contact with other
Group cargo
5.1 Oxidizer Ignites combustible on contact Notify Fire Departement
5.2 Organic Peroxide Reacts violently with other Guard
substance Do not use water
6.1 Toxic Substance Harmful if swallowed, inhaled or Isolated area
    in contact with skin Obtain qualified assistance
6.2 Infectious Substance Causes disease in Human and Do not Touch
Animal  
Keep away minimum 25 m
7 Cat I Radioactive-White Radiation hazards and harmful to
7 Cat II/III Radioactive-Yellow health

8 Corrosive Hazardous to skin and metal  

9 Polymeric Beads,
 
Magnetic Material,
Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods
Evolves small quantities of Avoid contact with skin
flammable gas  
  No immediate
Affect navigation system action required
Hazard not covered by other
classes

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 ABNORMAL SITUATION (AERODROME
EMERGENCY) RESPONSES
An aerodrome emergency is an actual or imminent occurrence, which
may endanger the safety or health of any person or may destroy or
damage property. There are many possible emergency situations at an
airport however those emergencies specifically involving aircraft are
defined by two categories, which determine the level of response
required. These categories are :
 Full Emergency
 Local Standby

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 ABNORMAL SITUATION (AERODROME
EMERGENCY) RESPONSES
Full emergency:
A situation declared by either the Pilot in Command or Air
Traffic Control, when it is known that an aircraft approaching
the airport is, or is suspected to be, in such trouble that there
is danger of an accident requiring the response from off-
airport agencies. An Airport Emergency Plan activation is
required for response to this situation and will involved
participation from all agencies.

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 ABNORMAL SITUATION (AERODROME
EMERGENCY) RESPONSES
Local Standby:
A situation declared by either the Pilot or Command or Air Traffic
Control to be initiated when an aircraft approaching the airport is
known or is suspected to have developed some defect but the
trouble is not such as would normally involve any serious difficulty
in effecting a safe landing. Airport Emergency Plan activation is
required for respond to this situation however it usually only
involves airport-based agencies.

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 AIRPORT EMERGENCY

Airport emergencies include the following events:

 Personal injuries
 Damage to aircraft
 Vehicle accidents
 Damage to airport infrastructure
 Fuel, oil or hazardous material spills

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 FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Commonly are five main classes of fire extinguisher (note that the
classes and nomenclature can vary from country to country): A, B, C,
and the less common classes D and K. There area:
 Class A: This is suitable for cloth, wood, rubber, paper, various
plastics, and regular combustible fires. It is usually filled with 2 1/2
gallons (9.46 liters) of pressurized water.
 Class B: This is suitable for grease, gasoline or oil-based fires is
usually filled with a dry chemical. Extinguishers smaller than 6lbs
(2.72kg) are not recommended.

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 FIRE EXTINGUISHER
 Class C: This is suitable for electrical fires caused by appliances,
tools, and other plugged in gear. It can contain either halon or CO2.
Halon 1211 and 1301 is very expensive and depletes the ozone layer,
but it is being replaced by non-depleting agents such as FM200.
Note that halon is now illegal in numerous jurisdictions.
 Class D: This is used for water-reactive metals such as burning
magnesium and will be located in factories using such metals. It
comes in the form of a powder that must cover the material to
extinguish it.

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 FIRE EXTINGUISHER

 Class K: This contains a special purpose wet

chemical agent for use in kitchen fires and deep
fryers to stop fires started by vegetable oils,
animal fats, or other fats started in cooking
appliances.

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 GENERAL INSTRUCTION USING FIRE
EXTINGUISHER
Remember the simple acronym P.A.S.S. to help you use the fire
extinguisher effectively. P.A.S.S. stands for: Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep,
explained below:
 Pull the safety pin from the handle. The pin is located at the top of
the fire extinguisher. Once removed, it releases the locking
mechanism, allowing you to discharge the extinguisher.
 Aim the extinguisher nozzle or hose at the base of the fire. As
explained, this removes the source or fuel of the fire. Keep yourself
low.

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 GENERAL INSTRUCTION USING FIRE
EXTINGUISHER
 Squeeze the handle or lever slowly to discharge the agent. Letting
go of the handle will stop the discharge, so keep it held down.
 Sweep side to side approximately 6in or 15cm over the fire until
expended. The sweeping motion helps to extinguish the fire. Stand
several feet or metres back from the fire: fire extinguishers are
manufactured for use from a distance.
 The fire may flare up somewhat as extinguishing begins due to the
flames being pushed away from the burning material (the real
target) by the agent and gust of propellant. Do not be alarmed so
long as it dies back promptly.

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 LIGHT GUN SIGNALS

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 LIGHT GUN SIGNALS
If you are on a runway or taxiway and radio communication fails, you
should:
 Turn toward the tower.
 Flash your lights several times.
 Wait for the controller to signal you with the light gun.
 Be patient for a response. If the controller’s attention is diverted, it
may take a few minutes for a response. If your radios are working,
try a frequency other than ground.
 Call the tower on your cell phone if you have the number available.

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 BAD WEATHER

Thunder and lightning:

If the sound of thunder is less than 25 seconds after the
lightning flash, go inside immediately.
Formula for estimating the proximity of an approaching
thunderstorm:
5 seconds of elapsed time between the lightning flash and
the sound of thunder = 1 mile.

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 SPILLAGE

Prevention of spills is the first step in avoiding risk to

human health and the environment. An effective
response and good management of the spills that do
occur is vital if risks to human health and
environmental pollution are to be avoided or
minimized.

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 SPILL RESPONSE EQUIPMENT

Spill Response Equipment can include:

 Absorbent Booms and Mats
 Absorbent Granules
 Stormwater Drain Caps
 Portable Bunds
In facilities where small amounts (<20L) of Dangerous Goods and
Chemicals are used and stored, absorbent substances such as
chemsorb or saw dust are sufficient for spill response

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 AIRPORT EMERGENCY

The general procedure are :

 Fuel spillage covering an area of approximately 4 m2 or
more constitutes a hazard and should be brought to the
immediate attention of the Airport Emergency Service;
 Do not drive through the spill liquid. Report spill to Apron
Control Centre and Airport Emergency Service;
 Do not start engine of motorized equipment within spill
areas until it is cleaned up (fuel spill in case);

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 FOREIGN OBJECT DEBRIS

Foreign Object Debris (FOD) is any object, live or

not, located in an inappropriate location in the
airport environment that has the capacity to
injure airport or air carrier personnel and damage
aircraft

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 FOD PREVENTION

FOD Prevention is your responsibility. Effective Foreign Object Debris

(FOD) prevention requires your daily attention to these very important
procedure:
 Checking the ramp and gate areas for cleanliness and deterioration.
 Checking ground equipment and parking area for cleanliness
 Ensure there are no loose parts on ground equipment that could
fall.
 Ensure that working area are clear of Foreign Object Debris (FOD).

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 REPORTING
 Commonly, The Airfield Operations Department is the central reporting point for
the collection and collation of all information on the aprons / ramps at the
airport
 Accidents and safety occurrences must be reported without delay to Operations
Control on any special hotline numbers giving details of:
• the name and company of the caller
• location of accident / safety occurrence
• injuries to personnel
• equipment involved
• a description of what happened
• what immediate assistance is required

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 REPORTING

Reports of safety occurrences or unsafe

conditions/practices can be made anonymously
to the special hotline numbers, or in writing to
the Airfield Operations Supervisor

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TH A N K
Y OU