NURS 305 – Women Health NURSING

Introductıon
Introductıon

 Being a man or a woman has a significant impact on health, as a

result of both biological and gender-related differences. The
health of women and girls is of particular concern because, in
many societies, they are disadvantaged by discrimination rooted
in sociocultural factors. For example, women and girls face
increased vulnerability to HIV/AIDS.
 Why look at WOMEN’S health?
 2/3 of women are solely responsible for family health care decisions
 72% of informal caregivers are women
 Women’s health issues are different
than men’s
 More women lack health care coverage than men
 Health providers may not provide the same level of care for women as they
do for men
 HEALTH CHALLENGES IN
WOM.
 INTRAUTERINE
 INFANCY
 CHILDHOOD
 ADOLESCENT
 YOUNG ADULTS UNMARRIED
 YOUNG MARRIED ADULTS
 OBSTETRICAL CHALLENGES
 FAMILY PLANNING
 PERIMENOPAUSAL
 MENOPAUSAL
 LIFE CYCLE OF WOMEN &
HEALTH ISSUES
INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD(0-9 YEARS)

 Sex selection
 Genital mutilation
 Discriminating nutrition
 Discriminating Health care
 ADOLESCENCE ( 10-15
YEARS)
 Early child bearing and abortion
 STD & HIV Infection
 Undernutrition and Anemia
 Increase substance abuse
 REPRODUCTIVE AGE(20-44
YEARS)
 Unwanted / Unplanned pregnancies
 Abortions
 STI & AIDS
 Pregnancy Complications
 Anemia
 A woman’s health
is a reflection of her…

 Family genetics
 Culture
 Social norms
 Economics
 Physical environment
 Daily actions and thoughts
 Women’s health a major development task for
us
An unfinished agenda in all countries

Challenges include reducing

 Maternal mortality
 Unwanted fertility
 Infertility
 Sexually transmitted infection ( HIV, AIDS,HPV)
 Cancers
 Female feticide & Violence against women.
 Introduction to reproductive
health
•Reproductive health is defined as a state of physical, mental, and
social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system, at
all stages of life.

•Good reproductive health implies that people are able to have a

satisfying and safe sex life, the capability to reproduce and the
freedom to decide if, when, and how often to do so.

•Men and women should be informed about and have access to safe,
effective, affordable, and acceptable methods of family planning of
their choice.
•Women should have the right to appropriate health-care services that
enable women to safely go through pregnancy and childbirth.
Reproductive Rights

 Reproductive rights embrace certain human rights that are already

recognized in national laws, international laws and international
human rights documents and other consensus documents.
 It also includes the right to make decisions concerning
reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence, as
expressed in human rights documents.”
 Reproductive Rights
1. the Right to Life
2. the Right to Liberty and security of person
3. the Right to health, including sexual and Reproductive health
4. the Right to decide the number and spacing of children
5. the Right to consent to marriage and to equality in marriage
6. the Right to privacy
7. the Right to equality and non-discrimination
8. the Right to be Free from practices that harm Women and girls
9. the Right to not be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman, or degrading
treatment or punishment
10. the Right to be Free from sexual and gender-Based violence
11. the Right to access sexual and Reproductive health education and Family
planning information
12. the Right to enjoy the Benefits of scientific progress
 Reproductive Health (RH)ıs an umbrella that houses the
followıng ıssues

 Contraception
 Safe pregnancy  Gender-based violence
 Maternal health
 Infant and child health  Female genital
 Sexually transmitted infections mutilation

 Adolescent pregnancy
 Child marriage
 And others…
Life-Cycle approach to reproductive health
 Can We Measure Reproductive Health?
WHO uses 17 indicators, including:

1. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) Total number of children a woman would have
by the end of her reproductive period if she experienced the currently
prevailing age-specific fertility rates throughout her childbearing life
2. Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR)1 Percent of women of reproductive
age (15-49) who are using (or whose partner is using) a contraceptive method
at a particular point in time
3. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) Annual number of maternal deaths per
100,000 live births
4. Antenatal Care Coverage Percent of women attended at least once during
pregnancy, by skilled health personnel (excluding trained or untrained
traditional birth attendants), for reasons relating to pregnancy
 Can We Measure Reproductive Health?
WHO uses 17 indicators, including:

 5. Availability of Basic Essential Obstetric Care Number of facilities with

functioning basic essential obstetric care per 500,000 population
 6. Availability of Comprehensive Essential Obstetric Care Number of facilities
with functioning comprehensive essential obstetric care per 500,000 population
 7. Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR) Number of perinatal deaths per 1,000 total
births
 Can We Measure Reproductive Health?
WHO uses 17 indicators, including:

 . Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR) Number of perinatal deaths per 1,000 total births
 9. Low Birth Weight Prevalence Percent of live births that weigh less than 2,500g
 10. Positive Syphilis Serology Prevalence in Pregnant Women Percent of pregnant
women (15-24) attending antenatal clinics, whose blood has been screened for
syphilis, with positive serology for syphilis
 11. Prevalence of Anemia in Women Percent of women of reproductive age (15-49)
screened for hemoglobin levels with levels 110g/l for pregnant women, and 120g/l
for non-pregnant women
 Can We Measure Reproductive Health?
WHO uses 17 indicators, including:

 12. Percent of Obstetric and Gynecological Admissions Owing to Abortion

Percent of all cases admitted to service delivery points providing in-patient
obstetric and gynecological services, which are due to abortion (spontaneous and
induced, but excluding planned termination of pregnancy)
 13. Reported Prevalence of Women with FGC Percent of women interviewed
in a community survey reporting having undergone FGC
 14. Prevalence of Infertility in Women Percent of women of reproductive age
(15-49) at risk of pregnancy (not pregnant, sexually active, non-contracepting,
and non-lactating) who report trying for a pregnancy for two years or more
 15. Reported Incidence of Urethritis in Men Percent of men aged (15-49)
interviewed in a community survey reporting episodes of urethritis in the last 12
months
 Can We Measure Reproductive Health?
WHO uses 17 indicators, including:

 16. HIV Prevalence among Pregnant Women Percent of pregnant women (15-
24) attending antenatal clinics, whose blood has been screened for HIV and who
are sero-positive for HIV
 17. Knowledge of HIV-related Prevention Practices Percent of all respondents
who correctly identify all three major ways of preventing the sexual transmission
of HIV and who reject three major misconceptions about HIV transmission or
prevention
Millennium Development Goals
 Millennium Development Goals
 1. to eliminate extreme poverty and hunger;
2. to achieve global primary education;
3. to empower women and promote gender equality;
4. to reduce child mortality;
5. to promote maternal health;
6. to fight malaria, HIV/AIDS, and other diseases;
7. to promote environmental sustainability; and
8. to develop a universal partnership for development.
 The implementation of these eight chapters of the Millennium Declaration was
agreed to begin in 1st January 2001, and the UN agreed to be holding such
summits every five years to assess its progress towards achieving the MDGs.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS; UN AGREE TO
ACHIEVE BY 2030
 The Power of education for women
 Educating a girl is educating a nation, because the bedrock of society is a woman.
 Education of mothers lowers fertility, reduces infant and child mortality, and
promotes children’s education.
 Education may also help to improve a woman’s status within her family by giving
her greater control over finances.
 Education empowers women to protect themselves from infection and domestic
violence.
 Remember when you go back to your home countries to make decisions that will
impact the lives of millions of girls around the world; their future depends on
education, and their education depends on you.
Promote gender equality and empower
women
The education of women

 Gender equality is widely regarded as an important indicator of

development

About 759 million adults who cannot read or

write, around two-thirds are women. This
proportion has remained unchanged since 2000.
 Reduce child mortality
Girls and women who are educated are far more likely to immunize their children.
Their children are less likely to be malnourished.  In Niger, the child of a woman with
secondary education is over four times less likely to be malnourished than the child
of a woman with no education.

Education saves
young lives.
Goal 5: Improve maternal
health
 Maternal education is one of the strongest antidotes to
childbearing-related risks. Educating girls and women empowers
them to make better health-related decisions.
Complication of pregnancy and childbirth are major cause of
death and disability among women of reproductive age
leading to high maternal mortality
PREVENTION

 Improving diet supplimentation of pregnant and lactating women.

 Health care providers and skilled midwife.
 Strengthening referral system for effective management of
complications.
 Tertiary level centers fully equipped
 Nursing Role in Women’s
Health
 Health promotion
 Illness prevention
 Provide support & counseling
 Encourage women in their health goals and
behaviors
 personal hygiene, detecting & preventing diseases
(STDs), diet & exercises, sexuality issues- menopause,
contraception, preconception, pre-/postnatal care, stress
management & well-being, healthy lifestyles, & avoiding
risky behaviors
 Nursing Role in Women’s
Health
 Nurses need to be a role model to the patients
 Recommend & promote regular examinations
 Non-judgmental, understanding & sensitive
 Screen patıent and recognize sex. abuse
 Recognize cultural differences & beliefs
 Respect sexual orientation
 Nursing Role in Women’s
Health
 Information
 Access
 Choice
 Safety
 Privacy
 Confidentiality

 Dignity

 Comfort

 Continuity

 Opinion