Psycometric

Psychrometry
A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

Psychrometry
period one
The Psychrometric Chart

Psychrometric
Chart

Properties of Air
 Dry-bulb temperature
 Wet-bulb temperature
 Dew-point temperature
 Relative humidity
 Humidity ratio

Dry-Bulb Thermometer

Wet-Bulb Thermometer

Condensation Occurs at Dew Point

Fog Occurs When Air Is Saturated

Relative Humidity
Amount of moisture that a given

Relative amount of air is holding
=
Humidity
Amount of moisture that a given
amount of air can hold

Relative Humidity
50% 100%
(saturated)
Humidity Ratio

Properties of Air
 Dry-bulb temperature
 Wet-bulb temperature
 Dew-point temperature
 Relative humidity
 Humidity ratio

Summer Design Conditions
95°F DB (dry bulb)
E

L
 78°F WB (wet bulb)
MP
X A
E
Point of Intersection
78°F
%
50
%
40
72°F
95°F

Properties of Saturated Air
dry-bulb humidity dry-bulb humidity
temp. ratio temp. ratio
25°F 19.14 60°F 77.61
30°F 24.19 65°F 92.89
35°F 29.94 70°F 110.82
40°F 36.51 75°F 131.83
45°F 44.34 80°F 156.38
50°F 53.63 85°F 185.03
55°F 64.63 90°F 218.42
Plotting Saturation Points
220
218.42
200
180 185.03
Humidity Ratio (grains/lb of dry air)
160
156.38
140
131.8
120 3
110.82
100
92.89
80
77.61
60 64.63
53.63
40 44.34
36.51
20 29.94
24.19
19.14
0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Dry-Bulb Temperature (°F) Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN
Saturation Curve
220
200
180
100% relative humidity curve
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
Dry Bulb, Wet Bulb and Dew Point
220
200 A B C D
dry bulb 60°F 62°F 75°F 90°F
180
wet bulb 60°F 60.8°F 65.2°F 70°F
160 dew point 60°F 60°F 60°F 60°F

rel humidity 100% 92% 60% 37%
140
120
100 60°F
60°F A dew point
80 wet bulb
60 B C D
40
20
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
Adding Sensible Heat
220
200
180
100% saturation
160
140
120
100 60°F
60°F dew point
80 wet bulb
60
40
20
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
Relative Humidity Curves
220
200
relative humidity
180
160
140
90 %
0
120
%
10
%
80 %
100 70 %
60
%
80 50
%
40
60
30%
40
20%
20 10%
0%
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
Properties of Air
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80 humidity ratio
60
40
dry bulb
20 relative humidity
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
Determining Wet-Bulb Lines
220
200
180
160
140
120 DI
100 CI
80
BI
60 AI
40 A B C D
20
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
Properties of Air
220
200
180
160
140
120
100 dew point

80 humidity ratio
60
40 wet bulb
dry bulb
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
Specific Volume
220
200
180
160
specific volume lines
14 .
140 (cubic feet / pound of dry air)
5
120
100
80
60
14.
13.
0
40
13.
5
0
20
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
Effect of Adding Sensible Heat

Effect of Removing Sensible Heat

Effect of Adding Moisture

Effect of Removing Moisture

Removing Sensible Heat and Moisture

Removing Sensible Heat and Moisture

Psychrometry
period two
Air Mixtures

Determining Entering Air Conditions
mixture outdoor
supply C air (OA)
fan B
cooling
coil
A
recirculated air (RA)

outdoor air
B
A
recirculated air
95°F
80°F

C B
4,000 cfm 1,000 cfm

mixed air OA
1,000 cfm
= 0.25 A
4,000 cfm
3,000 cfm
OA = 25% RA
RA = 75%
mixture = 100%

95°F × 0.25 = 23.75°F

80°F × 0.75 = 60.00°F
mixture = 83.75°F

B
70°F
C
A 95°F
83.75°F
80°F

Psychrometry
period three
Sensible Heat Ratio

Effect of Removing Sensible Heat

Effect of Removing Latent Heat

Removing Sensible and Latent Heat

Heat and Moisture Transfer
supply air
return air
sensible
heat
latent
heat

Removing Sensible and Latent Heat
cooler & damper
warmer & drier

Heat Gain

Sensible Heat Ratio (SHR)
Sensible Heat Gain

SHR =
Sensible Heat Gain + Latent Heat Gain

Sensible Heat Ratio Scale
78°F DB
65°F WB
index point

Drawing an SHR Line
e
0.80 SHR lin
A
index point

SHR Dictates Supply Air Condition
he at r at io line
sensible

Drawing an SHR Line
B
D R li ne
SH
0.60
C
index point 80°F

Psychrometry
period four
Air Quantity

Coil Curves
coil curves

Determining Supply Airflow
STEP 1: Calculate the sensible heat ratio (SHR)
80,000 Btu/hr sensible heat gain

20,000 Btu/hr latent heat gain
80,000 Btu/hr
SHR = = 0.80
100,000 Btu/hr

room — 78°F DB, 50% RH
outdoor air (OA) — 95°F DB, 78°F WB
ventilation — 25% OA

STEP 2: Plot room, outdoor, and entering conditions
95°F × 0.25 = 23.75°F

78°F × 0.75 = 58.50°F
mixture = 82.25°F
B
C
0.80 SHR
A

STEP 3: Identify supply air conditions
C
0.80 SHR
A
D
56.5°F 78°F

STEP 4: Solve the supply airflow equation
Supply Sensible Heat Gain

Airflow =
1.085 × (Room DB – Supply DB)

STEP 4: Solve the supply airflow equation
80,000 Btu/hr
= 3,430 cfm
1.085 × (78°F – 56.5°F)

B
C
D A
56.5°F
SA D C B
82.2°F DB
3,430 cfm
68.6°F WB OA
56.5°F DB mixture
55.2°F WB
A
© American Standard Inc. 1999
RA Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN
Arbitrarily Using 55°F Supply Air
47,000 Btu/hr sensible heat gain

20,000 Btu/hr latent heat gain
47,000 Btu/hr
SHR = = 0.70
67,000 Btu/hr

Arbitrarily Using 55°F Supply Air
B
R
A C
I 0.70 SH
DI
A
D
49°F 55°F

Psychrometry
period five
Tons of Refrigeration

What is Enthalpy?
The total heat energy in one pound of air

(Btu/lb) at its present condition.
Enthalpy (h) = Sensible Heat + Latent Heat

Determining Tons of Refrigeration
STEP 1:
Find enthalpies
entering and
leaving coil
B
C
32.
A 7
D
23.
5

STEP 2: Solve the total refrigeration load equation
Refrigeration = 4.5 × Supply Airflow × (h – h )

Load (Btu/hr) 1 2
h1 = enthalpy of air entering coil (Btu/lb)

h2 = enthalpy of air leaving coil (Btu/lb)

STEP 2: Solve the total refrigeration load equation
4.5 × 3,430 cfm × (32.7 – 23.5) = 142,000 Btu/hr
142,000 Btu/hr
= 11.8 tons of refrigeration
12,000 Btu/hr/ton

Sensible and Latent Coil Loads
latent
load
sensible B
load
C
A
32.
7
D 29.
6
23.
5

Sensible and Latent Coil Loads
4.5 × 3,430 cfm × (29.6 – 23.5) = 94,150 Btu/hr
7.8 tons of refrigeration (sensible)
4.5 × 3,430 cfm × (32.7 – 29.6) = 47,850 Btu/hr
4.0 tons of refrigeration (latent)

Psychrometry
period six
Psychrometric Analyses

SHR at Full-Load Conditions
A
D
56.5°F 78°F

SHR Changes with Room Load
Full-Load SHR:
80,000 Btu/hr
= 0.80
80,000 Btu/hr + 20,000 Btu/hr
Part-Load SHR:
47,000 Btu/hr
= 0.70
47,000 Btu/hr + 20,000 Btu/hr

SHR at Part-Load Conditions
B
R
C 0.70 SH
D 0.80 SHR
A

SHR at Part-Load Conditions
47,000 Btu/hr
= 3,430 cfm
1.085 × (78°F – Supply DB)
0%
6 0%
Supply DB = 65.4°F 5
B
AI 0.70 SH
R
DI C
0.80 SHR
A
D
65.4°F

Constant-Volume System
OA
D C
B
SA
RA A
modulating
cooling coil
constant quantity of variable-temperature air

Constant-Volume with Reheat
D B
C
cooling
reheat coil
coil room A
E thermostat
adding reheat improves

humidity control
Effect of Adding Reheat
47,000 Btu/hr
= 3,430 cfm
1.085 × (78°F – Supply DB)
Supply DB = 65.4°F
B
C
0.80 SHR
A
D E
56.5°F 65.4°F

Effect of Adding Reheat
C 0.70 SHR
0.80 SHR
A
D E
56.5°F 65.4°F

Mixed-Air Bypass
OA
D C
B
face-and-
SA bypass
dampers A
RA
mixed-air bypass improves humidity control

Effect of Mixed-Air Bypass
82.25°F × 0.455 = 37.4°F
51.40°F × 0.545 = 28.0°F
mixture = 65.4°F
E A
D
51.4°F 65.4°F

Effect of Mixed-Air Bypass
A C I 0.70 SHR
E A
D
51.4°F 65.4°F

Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) System
OA
D C
B
SA
A
variable-speed RA
drive
variable quantity of constant-temperature air

Calculating Part-Load Airflow
47,000 Btu/hr
= 2,015 cfm
1.085 × (78°F – 56.5°F)
B
R
A I C 0.70 SH
0.80 SHR
D A
55.5°F

Software Tools

Psychrometry
period seven
Review

Properties of Air
220
200
180
160
140
120
100 dew point

80 humidity ratio
60
40 wet bulb
dry bulb
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
Determining Mixed-Air Conditions
95°F × 0.25 = 23.75°F
80°F × 0.75 = 60.00°F
mixture = 83.75°F
B
70°F
C
A 95°F
83.75°F
80°F

Determining Sensible Heat Ratio
Sensible Heat Gain
SHR =
Sensible Heat Gain + Latent Heat Gain
he at r at io line
sensible

Determining Coil Leaving Conditions
Supply Sensible Heat Gain
=
Airflow 1.085 × (Room DB – Supply DB)
coil curve C
SHR Line
D A
supply DB

Refrigeration Load = 4.5 × Supply Airflow × (h1 – h2)
D A

Psychrometric B
Analysis
C
SHR line
A
D
SA D C B
OA
A
© American Standard Inc. 1999
RA Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

Psycometric

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Psychrometry

A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

Amount of moisture that a given

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

160 dew point 60°F 60°F 60°F 60°F

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

100 dew point

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

recirculated air (RA)

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

4,000 cfm 1,000 cfm

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

95°F × 0.25 = 23.75°F

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

cooler & damper

warmer & drier

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

Sensible Heat Gain

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

80,000 Btu/hr sensible heat gain

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

room — 78°F DB, 50% RH

outdoor air (OA) — 95°F DB, 78°F WB

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

95°F × 0.25 = 23.75°F

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

Supply Sensible Heat Gain

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN