Reporting - History of

Education
 Main objective

To learn the history of Educational

System of Imperial Russia and
Soviet Union, United States of
America, and Africa
 Educational System of
Imperial Russia and Soviet
Union
Short Overview of Russia
• Official Name: Russian Federation
• Form of Government: Federation
• Population: 145.912 million as of
July 1, 2021
• Official Language: Russian
Capital: Moscow
Money: Ruble
• Area: 17, 075, 200 square
kilometres
• Major Mountain ranges: Ural,
Altay
• Major Rivers: Amur, Irtysh, Lena,
Ob, Volga, Yenisey
Russia: Geography and Landscape
• As the world’s largest country,
Russia occupies one-tenth of all the
land on Earth. It spans 11 time
zones across two continents (Europe
and Asia) and has shores on three
oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific and
Arctic Ocean).
• The Russian landscape varies from
sandy and frozen deserts, tall
mountains to giant marshes. Much of
Russia is made up of rolling, treeless
plains called “steppes”. The region of
Siberia, which occupies three-
quarters of Russia, is dominated by
sprawling pine forests called “taigas”.
• Russia has around 100,000 rivers,
including some of the longest and most
powerful in the world. It also has many
lakes, including Ladoga and Onega
(Europe’s two largest lakes), and Lake
Baikal, which contains more water than
any other lake on Earth.
Russia’s Wildlife and Nature
• As Russia is so huge, it’s no surprise
that this incredible country is home to a
large number of ecosystems and
different species. Its forests, steppes
and tundras provide habitat for many
rare animals, including Asiatic black
bears, snow leopards, polar bears, and
small, rabbit-like mammals called
• Russia’s first national parks were set
up in the 19th century, but decades
of unregulated pollution have taken a
toll on many of the country’s wild
places. To help protect and restore
the country’s natural beauty, strict
nature reserves have been
established, known as zapovedniks.
• Russia’s most famous animal
species is the Siberian tiger, the
largest cat in the world. Indigenous
to the forests of eastern Russia,
these endangered giants can grow
to over 3m long, and weigh up to
300kg.
History of Russia
• The earliest human settlements in Russia
arose around A.D. 500, as Scandinavians
moved south to areas around the upper
Volga River.
• These settlers mixed with Slavs from the
west and built a fortress that would
eventually become the Ukrainian city of
Kiev.
• Kiev evolved into an empire that ruled
most of European Russia for 200 years,
then broke up into Ukraine, Belarus and
Muscovy. Muscovy’s capital, Moscow,
remained a small trading post until the
13th century, when Mongol invasions in
the south drove people to settle in
Moscow.
• In the 1550s, Muscovite ruler Ivan IV
became Russia’s first tsar (Russian
emperor) after driving the Mongols out
of Kiev and unifying the region. In
1682, Peter the Great became tsar at
the age of just ten, and for 42 years he
worked to make Russia more modern
and more European.
Smolny Cathedral in St. Petersburg was built between 1748 and 1765
• In 1917, Russians, unhappy with their
government, overthrew the tsar and
formed a new elected government. Just a
few months later, however, a communist
group called the Bolsheviks seized power.
Their leader, Vladimir Lenin, created the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(U.S.S.R.) from Russia and 11 other
countries.
• The U.S.S.R. fought on the side of the
United States in World War II. But soon
after the war ended in 1945, relations
between the two powers and their allies
became strained, leading to what’s
known as the Cold War. After decades of
conflict, the Cold War ended in 1991 with
the break up of the Soviet Union.
Russian People and Culture
• There are about 120 ethnic groups in
Russia who speak more than a hundred
languages. Roughly 80 percent of
Russians trace their ancestry to the
Slavs who settled in the country 1,500
years ago. Other major groups include
Tatars, who came with the Mongol
invaders, and Ukrainians.
Cathedral of
Annunciation
Russian Economy
and
Government
Vladimir Putin
• Russia’s history as a democracy is
short. The country’s first election,
which took place in 1917, was
quickly reversed by the Bolsheviks,
and it wasn’t until the 1991 election
of Boris Yeltsin that democracy took
hold.
• Russia is a federation of 86
republics, provinces, territories and
districts, all controlled by the
government in Moscow. The head of
state is a president elected by the
people.
• The economy is based on a vast
supply of natural resources,
including oil, coal, iron ore, gold
and aluminium.
Now, let us go to the
Education of Imperial
Russia
Education During Imperial
Russia
• Education was predominately exclusive,
religious, and limited in length during
Imperial Russia. No form of universal
public education had yet been
established leaving only those with
financial means the ability to enroll in
educational institutions at the secondary
and university level.
• The gymnasium form of education
adopted from Germany provided
greater accessibility to education for
the elites which contributed to the
growth of national culture but also
caused a polarization of the educated
elite further separating the group from
the majority of Russian society.
• Conservatism was a major theme
of these schools both in
curriculum and mission. Common
curricula at the time focused on
classical works, history, political
theory, and economics.
• The common mission of these
primary and secondary schools
was to mold the student
population into a cohesive, mild
group that could not become
radicalized and cause revolution
like that seen in France in 1789.
• Universities proved a challenge
for the Imperial Government and
were never tamed due to the
influence of intellectuals over the
institutions.
Zaikonospassky
Monastery that
was
transformed into
the Slavic Greek
Latin Academy
• Under Peter I a system of
mandatory education was created
for all young men who upon state
inspection would be either sent to
school or sent off to service.
• Peter I had the goal of creating an
educated Russian population but his
reforms such as compulsory
education/state service were some
of the most despised of all of the
reforms.
• Tsar Fyodor III( Tsar of Russia between
1676 and 1682) possessed an
appreciation for Western Europe, this
materialized through the creation of a
Graeco-Latin-Slavic academy in
Moscow. This academic institution was
created specifically for the children of
poorer classes.
• Peter I set up ‘cypher’ schools
staffed by clergy as part of his
compulsory education reform.
• These schools found little success
due to the clergies’ inability to teach
secular studies and the elite’s
disapproval of mixing of social
classes in schools.
• Other fear of rapid educational
expansion most notability
included the elite’s fear that a
chaotic change of social order
would occur.
• The push for mass education that
came from Fyodor III and Peter I
continued through the early 20th
century increasing literacy from
roughly 20% in 1897 to 44% in 1914.
• In 1667 Russia acquired the left
bank of Ukraine bringing an influx
of educated men into Russia
promoting a new level of
scholarship.
• While Peter I visited Western
Europe he recruited experts from
Europe, some of the most influential
recruits were Joseph Nye, John
Deane, John Perry, and Henry
Farquharson all who played a role in
building Russia’s new navy.
• With plans drafted by Peter I, The
Imperial Academy of Sciences
opened in 1725 that would overtime
solidify itself as a reputable
institution of higher education in
Russia.
• The Spiritual Regulations of 1721
required an educated, literate
clergy to do so a seminary system
based on the Jesuit seminary
system was adopted and common
practice by the 1780s.
• Alexander I(Emperor of Russia
from 1801) took on the challenge
of providing higher education
regardless of class for Russian by
creating universities in Kharkov,
Kazan, and St. Petersburg.
• The growth of education brought
about two forces that would
challenge imperialism: nationalism
and the desire for participation in
politics.
• During the final years of Imperial Russia
two starkly contrasting groups of students
were produced from the state sponsored
schools run by the Ministry of War and by
the Ministry of Education. Military cadet
schools were run by the Ministry of War
while the civilian gymnasium was run by
the Ministry of education.
• Graduates of military cadet schools
remained loyal their alma mater
years after the collapse of Imperial
Russia while graduates of the
civilian gymnasium typically
renounced former educators and
schools.
• Education under Tsarist Russia
progressed through several stages
growing in sophistication and
autonomy.
• Peter I brought major changes to
the educational system of Russia
introducing a new sense of
enlightenment to the institutions
of education.
• Early 20th century Russia was a
period of full of different groups
functioning as political actors
influencing the nature of the
Russian state.
• Russian teachers like other
professions during the late 19th
century and early 20th century
desired self-definition and became
aware that their desires could not be
achieved in the current Tsarist
system.
• The initial aim of this expansion of
public education in Imperial Russia
was to instill enlightenment ideals in
the people of Russia but after the
threats created during the Napoleonic
wars these aims shifted to creating an
obedient, moral society to prevent
rebellion.
The horrors of Russian
gymnasiums of the
Tsarist era
• Beatings, solitary confinement,
respect enforced with savage
punishment… gymnasiums in the
Russian Empire were hell on Earth
for children. Despite all that, you
would have to come from privilege
to be taught at all in that day and
age.
The bourgeoisie, nobility and various
influential families and members of the
urban intelligentsia were the only ones
allowed to send their children to the
most prestigious institution of the day -
the seven-year gymnasium.
• For the rest, there were the
Zemstvo schools and regular
lyceums. And the gymnasium was
de-facto the only path to enrolling at
university, so the rest simply lucked
out.
• Physical abuse and bodily harm were
commonplace, especially in the first half of the
19th century. Beating a child with rods was very
popular. Author Pavel Zasodimsky would later
write: “The rod beatings will forever remain one
of the darkest pages in our gymnasium’s history.
Not one balanced child would ever emerge from
that flock. All who were fiercely beaten like
animals turned into drunkards, perverts and
losers.”
• Another type of punishment enjoying a
considerable degree of popularity was
solitary confinement. That was
reserved for especially harsh crimes,
such as fighting or attempting to
smuggle tobacco onto school
grounds. The offending child would be
placed in a windowless room where
they’d spend anywhere from five to 16
hours.
• Uniforms were to be worn at all
times, their “sanctity” upheld even
during free hours.
• For girls (who, of course, were enrolled into
separate institutions), life was no sweeter.
“The girls were forbidden from leaving campus
grounds after 8, sitting on benches near
shops, visiting the pictures and attending any
manner of celebratory evenings at the military
club,” writes historian Valery Kruzhinov.
Needless to say, you needed a teacher’s note
for just about everything, including trips to the
theatre.
• Faith in God and the Emperor were of
paramount importance for anyone enrolled
in the institutions. “God, save the Tsar!” was
performed at the start of every day, and
Bible readings and classes were, of course,
a basic requirement of gymnasium life.
“God’s law wasn’t just there for aesthetic
purposes – but ideological ones as well,”
Kruzhinov writes.
• The abdication of Nicholas II on
March 15, 1917, marked the
end of the empire and its ruling
Romanov dynasty.
• The Russian Imperial Romanov
family were shot and bayoneted to
death by Bolshevik revolutionaries
under Yakov Yurovsky on the orders
of the Ural Regional Soviet in
Yekaterinburg on the night of 16–17
July 1918.
EDUCATION IN THE SOVIET
ERA
• The Soviet regime instituted a system of
primary and secondary schooling and
operated virtually all the schools in
Russia. In 1959, only 36 percent of the
population age 10 and over had a
secondary education; by 1986 that figure
had grown to 70 percent, and there were
a half million people with doctorates or
post-doctorates.
• Education was highly centralized, and
indoctrination in Marxist-Leninist
theory was a major element of every
school's curriculum. Schools were
often showcase buildings. They often
had large classrooms, a library and
cafeteria. Some had museums.
• The Soviet system also maintained
some traditions from tsarist times, such
as the five-point grading scale, formal
and regimented classroom
environments, and standard school
uniforms — dark dresses with white
collars for girls, white shirts and black
pants for boys.
• An effort was made to nurture students with
special aptitudes and skills. Children with
musical talent were directed into music
schools with complete symphony orchestras.
Those with sports skills and scientific
aptitude were sent to Pioneer Palace sports
and hobby complexes with Cosmonaut
Rooms with devices that simulated space
travel and hair driers in the girls locker room.
• Teachers were fairly well paid and held in
high esteem. They received good health
care and were able to take long vacations
on the Black Sea. Teachers were
regarded as advocates of the Communist
Party first and teachers of the subjects
second. Students at teacher's college
were required to take courses on
Marxism-Leninism and Building
Socialism.
• Progress in developing the education
system was mixed during the
Brezhnev years. In the 1960s and
1970s, the percentage of working-age
people with at least a secondary
education steadily increased. Yet at
the same time, access to higher
education grew more limited.
• By 1980 the percentage of secondary-
school graduates admitted to
universities had dropped to only two-
thirds of the 1960 figure. Students
accepted into universities increasingly
came from professional families rather
than worker or peasant households.
• This trend toward the perpetuation of
the educated elite was not only a
function of the superior cultural
background of elite families but also,
in many cases, a result of their power
to influence admissions procedures .
Goals and Failures
of
Soviet-Era Schools
• The goal of education policy was to
teach the masses how or read and
write, and channel talented young
people into science and technology. It
was oriented more towards meeting the
needs of society and the state rather
than fostering individual development.
• Schools were free, compulsory, universal
and classless and were used disseminate
Communist doctrine as well as educate
children. The set of ethics stressed the
primacy of the collective over the
interests of the individual. Therefore, for
both teachers and students, creativity
and individualism were discouraged.
• As in other areas of Soviet life, the need for
reform in education was felt in the 1980s.
Reform programs in that period called for
new curricula, textbooks, and teaching
methods. The chief aim of those programs
was to create a "new school" that would
better equip Soviet citizens to deal with the
modern, technologically advanced nation
that Soviet leaders foresaw in the future.
• But schools and universities in the
Soviet Union failed to supply adequately
skilled labor to almost every sector of
the economy, and overgrown
bureaucracy further compromised
education's contribution to society.
• At the same time, young Russians
became increasingly cynical about the
Marxist-Leninist philosophy they were
forced to absorb, as well as the stifling of
self-expression and individual
responsibility.
 What is the Leninist theory?
• Leninism is a political ideology developed by
Russian Marxist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin
that proposes the establishment of the
dictatorship of the proletariat led by a
revolutionary vanguard party, as the political
prelude to the establishment of communism.
• In the last years of the Soviet Union,
funding was inadequate for the large-
scale establishment of "new schools," and
requirements of ideological purity
continued to smother the new
pedagogical creativity that was heralded
in official pronouncements.
Soviet-Era
Schools
• Compulsory education began at age
seven and includes four years of
elementary school and four years of
middle school.
• After completing the eight grade students
had the option of 1) dropping out and
working; 2) attending a technical training
school called a “technicum”; or 3)
attending a two years of senior secondary
school that prepared students for
university.
• Secondary school and university each
lasted 3 or 4 years. Many schools ran
six days a week and operated with
morning shifts and afternoon shifts.
Vocational schools were often attached
to factories. Schools on collectives
typically hade grades one through eight
or one through ten.
• Nursery schools and kindergartens
served both as schools for the very
young and day care centers. Many
were operated factories or collective
farms. People generally didn't have
trouble finding kindergarten places for
their kids.
• Nevertheless, by the 1980s the education
infrastructure as a whole was in sorry
shape. Facilities generally were
inadequate, overcrowding was common,
and equipment and materials were in
short supply.
• Because the Soviet Union had not built
enough schools to accommodate
increasing enrollment, Russia inherited a
system of very large, overcrowded
schools with a decaying infrastructure. By
the late 1980s, 21 percent of students
were attending schools with no central
heating, and 30 percent were learning in
buildings with no running water.
Soviet-Era
Schooling
• According to the 1989 census, three-
fifths of Russia's people aged fifteen
and older had completed secondary
school, and 8 percent had completed
higher education. Wide variations in
educational attainment exist between
urban and rural areas.
• The 1989 census indicated that two-
thirds of the country's urban population
aged fifteen and older had finished
secondary school, as compared with
just under one-half of the rural
population.
• The underlying philosophy of Soviet
schools was that the teacher's job was
to transmit standardized materials to
the students, and the student's job was
to memorize those materials, all of
which were put in the context of
socialist ethics.
• One history teacher told the Washington
Post that discipline was strict and
Stalinism was a forbidden subject. “In my
classes then, I never pronounced the
words. ‘What do you think?’ You were
supposed to learn and then answer
exactly the way I told you.”
 What is the ideology of Stalinism?
• In Stalin's view, counter-revolutionary
elements will attempt to derail the transition to
full communism, and the state must be
powerful enough to defeat them. For this
reason, communist regimes influenced by
Stalin have been widely described as
totalitarian.
• In the Soviet era teachers were fairly
well paid and had high esteem. They
received good health care and were
able to take long vacations on the Black
Sea. Students were often recruited for
the month-long potato harvest in the fall.
Many students tried to weasel out of it
by inventing medical excuses.♪
Soviet-Era School
Curriculum
• In places were Russian was not the
local language, instruction was in the
local language and Russian was
taught as a second language. In
grade school, students were trained
to pledge allegiance to the
Communist Party.
 5 Most Spoken National Languages in
Russia
• Tatar. Language family: Turkic. Status: definitely
endangered. ...
• Chechen. Language family: Northeast Caucasian. Status:
vulnerable. ...
• Bashkir. Language family: Turkic. Status: vulnerable. ...
• Ukrainian. Language family: Indo-European. Status:
safe. ...
• Chuvash. Language family: Turkic.
• Soviet Schools traditional emphasized
rote learning over what the government
wanted them to learn rather then
helping them develop creative thinking
skills. Discussions about morality and
individual responsibility were strictly
forbidden.
• The school curriculum was dictated by
Moscow and filled with "mind numbing
propaganda and cold Marxist logic."
presented from a Leninist viewpoint.
High school courses included
"Economic Policies of Capitalism and
Socialism” and "Dialectical Materialism."
• The required reading list for high
school students included books by
Maxim Gorky, Alexander Fadayev’s
“The Rout”, a tribute to Red soldiers
who fought in the Russian civil war, and
Imikhaul Sholokovs “Quiet Don”, a four-
volume series about the Don Cossacks’
struggle for independence.
Propaganda and
Education
• In the Soviet Union, history textbooks asserted
that people loved the state and left out details
like pact made by Hitler and Stalin, East
German students learned the Communists, not
Jews, were the primary victims of the
Holocaust; that the West German government
was fascist succor to the Nazis, and that the
United States was "the last and most decadent
stage of capitalism" and a crime-ridden society
full of drugs and racism.
• "In those days, we were forced to
believe everything we were told; you
could never express any doubts," one
student told the Washington Post. “It
was real indoctrination.
Soviet-Era
Universities
• University education was free and
students were given a stipend, which was
sometimes increased with good grades.
Training was highly specialized from the
start. Students often spent five or six
years studying their subjects and took
only courses in their fields.
• Future doctors took only medical
classes and future lawyers took only
law classes. There was no such thing
as a liberal arts curriculum.
• The Soviet system dictated what classes
university students would take and
decided what jobs they would take after
they graduated. The system encouraged
students to go into pure and applied
sciences, engineering, medicine and
agriculture.
• About 50 percent of all students
majored in engineering with hopes
of getting a prestigious, well-
rewarded join in a large state
institution. The best and the
brightest were often picked for
scientific jobs with military
applications.
• The number of slots open in
universities was determined by five-
year plans which took into
consideration the needs of certain
region and the number of doctors,
engineers and scientists the
government decided country needed.
• The children of tradesmen and
landowners from generations back
were sometimes punished for their
pedigree and had a harder time
getting into good universities that
those from peasant stock.
• The Soviet university system produced
good engineers and technicians. The
humanities were highly ideologized.
Soviet universities offered specialist
programs. These were more
specialized and different than the
liberal arts and sciences curriculum
offered at Western universities.
• As part of a Soviet-era system called
“raspedyelyeniye” ("assignment")
students were told by the state where
and what they should study and then
they were assigned to a job. The system
encouraged students to go into pure and
applied sciences, engineering, medicine
and agriculture.
• The best and the brightest were often
picked for scientific jobs with military
applications. About 50 percent of all
students majored in engineering with
hopes of getting a prestigious, well-
rewarded join in a large state
institution.
Young Pioneers
• Young Pioneers is the youth branch of
the Communist Party. All or nearly all
children between the ages of 10 and
15 are required to join. They wear a
red kerchief with their school uniform
everyday, except when the weather is
exceptionally hot and they wear a red
pin instead.
• The first Young Pioneers groups
appeared in 1922 but the
organization was not officially
created until 1924.
• Eric Eckholm wrote in the New York
Times, "Combining elements of the
Scouts, the Safety Patrol and the Hall
Monitor, larded with thick, simple doses
of patriotism and Communism, the
Young Pioneers remains a shared
experience of children raised in
Communist countries.
• Young Pioneers are taught the proper
way to dress, to raise the flag and
salute their superiors. They read great
Communist heroes and the good
deeds performed by model Pioneers
and learn to march in formation.
• Describing a Young Pioneer parade
one Russian told the Washington Post,
the ranks of children were “such a
beautiful line of identical while blouses,
a line of identical red pioneer ties and
ribbons!”
• The Young Pioneer organization
sponsors after school hobby clubs and
summer camps. In the Soviet Union
there were several thousand Pioneer
Palaces, that served as recreation
centers, and several hundred Pioneer
Camps, most of them associated with
factories and official organizations.
• There were also Pioneer travel
agencies and children-size
model railroads. .
• The clubs sponsored sports and arts
activities and provided technical
training. The were also classes in
things like languages, chess, writing,
dance, airplane building and art.
Pioneer Camp were a summer ritual
for Soviet youths.
• The activities were not all that
different from those of American
summer camps exception the
instruction included Marxist
economic and political philosophy.
Young Pioneer
Initiation
• Little Sparks are the Communist
equivalent of cub scouts and
brownies. At age nine they say a
special pledge and go through a
solemn rite of initiation, receiving
their red scarves to become full
fledged Young Pioneers.
• Describing the ritual, Eric Eckholm wrote in
the New York Times, "Lined up before an
audience of classmates, teachers, and
perhaps some beaming parents, the school
band playing at the side, they stand at
attention as sixth-graders march up and
place red kerchiefs around heir necks. An
older students leads them in the pledge."
• The pledge goes: "I am a Young
Pioneer. I pledge under the Young
Pioneer flag that I am determined to
follow the guidance of the Communist
Party, to study hard, work hard and be
ready to devote all my strength to he
Communist cause."
Young Pioneer
Organization
• The pioneers are organized in school
squads and troops under the
supervision of their teachers, with the
most studious, conscientious and kiss
ass students acting as leaders. Most of
the young pioneer leaders are
members of the Communist Youth
League.
• One young girl told the New York
Times, "As a leader, I have to be a
good student, get good grades and
be willing to serve the other
students. I feel that we have to study
hard to build our country stronger."
• The pioneers are evaluated on their
performance in their activities, There
are three tanks: Junior, Full and
Senior Pioneers and punishments
for those who don’t do what is
expected of them.
• When asked what happens when a
Young Pioneer did something wrong,
one former member told the New York
Times, “They pull you out of this rank,
put you in front of the other Pioneers and
start scolding you .
• All the other kids stare at the one
Pioneer in the middle, their eyes
saying, ‘Shame on you.’
• Imagine what this one person must feel,
being alone face to face with this huge
masse. A kid starts crying, ready to
promise anything only to have a chance
to get back to his place in the rank, to
blend in and be the same as everybody
else. For that he ready to give anything
away.”
United States
of
America
• The United States of America is
the world's third largest country in
size and nearly the third largest in
terms of population.
• OFFICIAL NAME: United States of
America
• FORM OF GOVERNMENT: Constitution-
based federal republic
• CAPITAL: Washington, D.C.
• POPULATION: 332,915,073 as of 2021
• LANGUAGES: English, Spanish (no
official national language)
• MONEY: U.S. dollar
• AREA: 3,794,083 square miles
(9,826,630 square kilometers)
• MAJOR MOUNTAIN RANGES: Rocky
Mountains, Appalachian Mountains
• MAJOR RIVERS: Mississippi, Missouri,
Colorado
• The United States of America is the
world's third largest country in size and
nearly the third largest in terms of
population. Located in North America,
the country is bordered on the west by
the Pacific Ocean and to the east by
the Atlantic Ocean.
• Along the northern border is
Canada and the southern border is
Mexico. There are 50 states and
the District of Columbia.
• More than twice the size of the
European Union, the United States has
high mountains in the West and a vast
central plain. The lowest point in the
country is in Death Valley which is at -
282 feet (-86 meters) and the highest
peak is Denali (Mt. McKinley) at 20,320
feet (6,198 meters).
The landscape varies across the large
country from tropical beaches in Florida to
peaks in the Rocky Mountains, from rolling
prairie lands and barren deserts in the West
to dense wilderness areas in the Northeast
and Northwest. Interspersed throughout are
the Great Lakes, the Grand Canyon, the
majestic Yosemite Valley, and the mighty
Mississippi River.
Florida
Zion Canyon is a gorge in southwestern Utah.
The wildlife is as diverse as the
landscape. Mammals such as bison
once roamed freely across the
plains, but now live only in
preserves. Black bears, grizzlies,
and polar bears are the largest
carnivores.
There are over 20,000 flower species and most came from Europe. There
are more than 400 areas which are protected and maintained by the
National Park Service, and many other parks in each state.
The bald eagle is the
national bird and symbol
of the United States and is
a protected species.
• Citizens over the age of 18 years
old vote to elect the President and
Vice President of United States
every four years. The president
lives in the White House in the
capital city of Washington, D.C.
HISTORY
• For centuries native peoples lived
across the vast expanse that would
become the United States. Starting
in the 16th century, settlers moved
from Europe to the New World,
established colonies, and displaced
these native peoples.
While Native Americans resisted
European efforts to gain land and power,
they were often outnumbered and didn’t
have as powerful of weapons. The
settlers also brought diseases that the
native peoples had not faced before, and
these illnesses sometimes had horrible
effects.
• A 1616 epidemic killed an
estimated 75 percent of the Native
Americans in the New England
region of North America.
• During this time, fights between the settlers
and Native Americans erupted often,
particularly as more people claimed land
where the Native Americans lived. The U.S.
government signed nearly 400 peace
treaties between the mid-18th century and
the mid-19th century to try to show they
wanted peace with the Indigenous tribes.
• By the mid-19th century, most
Native American tribes had been
wiped out or moved to live on
much smaller portions of land in
the Midwest.
History of Education:
The United States
• The history of education in the U.S has
had a long journey from the 16th century
to the 21st century. Education has
repeatedly been adjusted to best
prepare students to take on our world.
School curriculum has ranged from
family and religion to digital literacy
depending on societal norms and needs.
 Early History of
Education in the U.S.
• In the 17th century, education was
not a requirement. For many,
education was a dream.
• Societal needs emphasized
children help the family at home or
on the farm.
• Even if children had the luxury of
getting an education, they were
often taught by a family member
in their home.
• The main purpose of education in
the U.S. at this time was to teach
children how to read the bible and
how to align themselves with
puritan morals.
• Once the settlers population started to
grow, each colony was required to
have at least one school to teach
students academics but these schools
mainly focused on educating the
wealthier population.
• Although education was
considered less important at the
time, Harvard was established as
the first college in 1636. More than
a century later the first academy
for girls was established in 1787.
Harvard 1636
Young Ladies' Academy of
Philadelphia in 1787,
19th-Century History
of Education in the
U.S.
• In the 19th-century, education
philosophy experienced a paradigm
shift from privileged, religiously
based education to common, state-
sponsored education.
• After society embraced this new
philosophy, the first public school in
the U.S. was established in 1821.
• In 1867, education in the U.S.
received a major boost: The
Department of Education was
established, George Peabody donated
2 million dollars to help public
education in the south, and Howard
University for African American
students was established.
• By 1870, public schools were present
in every state with secondary public
schools outnumbering private
schools.
• However, three years later in 1873, an
economic depression hurt formal
education.
Many schools
closed because
they lacked the
funds to staff
the school with
teachers and
supplies.
20th-Century Education
in the
United States of America
• By the 1920s, the U.S. education
system bounced back. As children
were transitioned from factories to
public schools, the Association of
American Universities was created.
• The Progressive Education
Association was established and
all 50 states with an agreement to
fund transportation to school
children.
• Segregation in schools went to the
Supreme Court in 1954 with Brown
vs. Board of Education. Following this
monumental decision, schools in the
south began the slow process of
desegregating schools.
• As segregation came to an end in
the 1970s, schools in the U.S. now
had a new problem to tackle—
technology.
Modern Day Education
Technology started making its way
into the classroom with the
introduction of the calculator and
computers in the 1970s.
Processing machines like
calculators and computers slowly
made their way into the
classrooms. Calculators became
smaller and more affordable.
Questions were raised among
educators of how the tool would
change mathematical instruction.
As computer size shrunk, companies
such as Apple, started donating them
to universities. As the year’s
progressed, these processing
machines became smaller, more
affordable, and more advanced.
• Endless possibilities were imagined by
educators and scientists alike. By the
1980s, computer-aided instruction was
common in both K-12 and higher
education. By 1990, multiple computers
could be found in classrooms
nationwide. Leading to the technological
revolution.
• With this revolution came new
questions about academia. Is the
tried and true method of
standardized learning still the best
way of educating children?
• As the world makes further technological
and societal advances, soft-skill needs in
the workplace are arising such as
leadership skills and social-emotional
intelligence. The modern workplace no
longer requires a factory making
mindset, but a mindset that can adapt
and overcome new challenges.
• Educators are faced with the new
challenge of adapting their teaching
methods to these needs. Enter,
social and emotional learning.
Institutions such as The
Collaborative for Academic, Social,
and Emotional Learning (CASEL),
are redefining what education looks
like.
CASEL has been collaborating with
leading experts to support districts,
schools, and states nationwide to
drive research, guide practice, and
inform policy in social-emotional
learning for more than two decades.
• CASEL has been paving the way for
educators in the social-emotional
learning field by advising schools on
what methods are helping their
students successfully master not
only academics but also soft-skills.
Over the last two centuries education
has become an integral part of American
society with attendance increasing from
59% to 94%. Education is more
important and accessible than it has ever
been in the U.S.
•
• Educators across the U.S. worked hard
to turn around schools and create
positive school cultures. With the rising
need for soft-skill and social-emotional
learning future education in the United
States might look very different to us in
the future.
 Referrences
https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Colonialism-and-its-consequences

https://medium.com/the-faculty/the-history-of-soviet-education-from-1918-1991-
5086381f2c9c

https://sites.bu.edu/revolutionaryrussia/student-research/griffin-monahan/
#:~:text=early%20Soviet%20Russia.-,Education%20During%20Imperial
%20Russia,the%20secondary%20and%20university%20level
• https://applyboardindia.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/
6478326766605

• https://www.slideshare.net/ffatima1708/educational-
system-in-russia-48000040

• https://factsanddetails.com/russia/
Education_Health_Transportation_Energy/sub9_6a/entry-
5141.html
• https://www.leaderinme.org/blog/history-of-education-the-
united-states-in-a-nutshell/

• https://stacker.com/stories/5541/history-american-
education-system
• https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-
affairs/story/interesting-facts-about-africa-divd-1592141-
2019-08-27
• https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-
affairs/story/interesting-facts-about-africa-divd-1592141-
2019-08-27

• https://www.rbth.com/history/330905-russian-gymnasium-
school-education