MOTION

IN ONE DIMENSION

MECHANICS
Physics that deals on motion and forces that cause change in motion Consists of a. Kinematics Deals on concepts that describe motion b. Dynamics Deals on effect of forces in motion

Terms that Describe Motion

1. Distance answers how far ? unit may be: km, m, cm, inch, ft, mi, etc. for cars, this is a reading on an odometer and is based on the distance traveled by a point on a standard tire inflated to a standard pressure

2. Displacement Answers how far and in what direction? A vector quantity that points from initial position , and has a magnitude equal to the shortest distance between the two positions.

 For an object back to its initial location:

For rectilinear motion along the x-axis, x = x xo For motion in s straight line, this is assigned a positive sign if in the forward, and negative if in the reverse direction

3. Speed
describes how fast the object is moving may be: a. average speed distance traveled/ time elapsed b. instantaneous speed how fast the object is moving at given instant units may be: m/s, mi/h, cm/s, ft/s, Note: 15 mi/h = 22 ft/s For cars, this is read by the speedometer, and is the rate of rotation of the car s axle. If car has oversized tires, v is understated.

4. Velocity
Describes how fast the object is moving and in what direction Direction of velocity is along that of motion May be a. average velocity, vave = slope of the secant line b. instantaneous velocity, v = slope of the tangent line

5. Acceleration
describes how fast the velocity changes may be: a. average acceleration, b. instantaneous acceleration, If acceleration is constant, the instantaneous and average accelerations are equal. That is, a av = a units maybe: m/s2, cm/s2, mi/h2, ft/s2

Sign of Acceleration
With increasing velocity

Note: A negative acceleration does not imply the object is slowing down. With decreasing velocity Note: Velocity and acceleration have opposite signs when the object is decelerating or slowing down

Motion Graphs

Equations of Motion
From definitions, v  vo a! t
1 2

p v ! vo  at

s vav ! v  v0 ! t
s 1 1 2 = 2 v0  at  v0 p s ! vo t  at t 2

 v  v0 s ! v0 a

1 v  v0  2 a a

v  v0 v  v0 1 ! v0  2 a a a
v  v0 1 = 2 v  1 v0 ! 2 a
2 v 2 ! v0  2as 1 2

2 v 2  v0

Summary :

1 2 s ! v t = v0 t  at 2 v ! v0  at v !
2 2 v0

 2as

Check Questions
1. Does doubling of an object s speed always double the magnitude of its displacement in a given amount of time? Explain. 2. Would a vertical line in a graph of position vs time make sense? Explain 3. TRUE FALSE a. A car must always have an acceleration in the same direction as its velocity. b. An object with constant nonzero acceleration can never stop and remain at rest. c. Neglecting air friction, a projectile with a horizontal acceleration stays

4 Graphs A, B and C give velocities and D, E and F are the possible accelerations of different objects moving in a straight line paths as f(t). Match each v vs t graph with the a vs t graph that describes the motion.

5. The three graphs below represent the position vs time for objects moving along the x-axis. Which if any, of these graphs is not physically possible?

6. If the velocity of a particle is nonzero, can the particle s acceleration be zero? Explain 7. If the velocity of a particle is zero, can the particle s acceleration be zero? Explain 8. If a car is traveling eastward, can its acceleration be westward? Explain 9. If the average velocity of an object is zero in some time interval, what is the displacement of the particle during the interval?

10. Can the instantaneous velocity of an object at an instant of time ever be greater than the average velocity over a time interval containing that instant? Can it ever be less? 11.A car travels in the same direction, a distance d at speed v1 and then another distance d at speed v2. Find the average speed. 12. If the car in the above problem travels at speed v1 at time t, and another speed v2 at the same time interval t, what is its average speed?

Exercises
25/101 A motor scooter travels east at a speed of 12 m/s. The driver then reverses direction and heads west at 15 m/s. What is the change in velocity of the scooter? Give magnitude and direction 26/101 A car travels eat at 96 km/h for 1 h. It then travels 300 east of north at 128 km/h. a. What is the change in velocity of the soccer? b. What is the average velocity for the trip?

27/101 A bicycle travels 3.2 km due east in 0.1 h, then 4.8 km at 150 east of north in 0.15 h, and finally another 3.2 km due east in 0.1 h to reach its destination. The time lost in turning is negligible. What is the average velocity for the entire trip? 32/101 If a pronghorn antelope accelerates from rest in a straight line with a b constant acceleration of 1.7 m/s2, how long does it take for the antelope to reach a speed of 22 m/s?

Exercises from Serway

3/49 A person travels by car from one city to another with different constant speeds between pairs of cities. He drives for 30 min at 80 km/h, 12 min at 100 km/h and 45 min at 40 km/h and spends 15 min eating lunch and buying gas. Determine a. The distance between the initial and final cities along the route. b. The average speed for the trip

7/49 A motorist drives north for 35 min at 85 km/h and then stops for 15 min. He then continues north, traveling 130 km in 2 h. a. What is his total displacement? b. What is his average velocity? 11/49 If the average speed of an orbiting shuttle is 19,800 mi/h, determine the time required for it to circle earth. The shuttle is orbiting 200 mi above Earth s surface and assume that Earth s radius 3,963 miles. 23/50 A certain car is capable of accelerating at a rate of 10.6 m/s2. How long does it take for this car to accelerate from rest to 60 mi/h?

26/50 A car traveling due east at 25 m/s at some instant. a. If its constant acceleration is 0.75 m/s2 due east, find its velocity after 8.5 s have elapses. b. If its constant acceleration is 0.75 m/s2 due west, find its velocity after 8,5 s have elapsed. 9/50 A truck covers 40 m in 8.5 s while smoothly slowing down to a final velocity of 2 m./s. a. Find the truck s initial speed b. Find its acceleration.

32/50

A truck on a straight road starts from rest and accelerates at 2 m/s2 until it reaches a speed of 20 m/s. Then the truck travels for 20 s at constant speed until the brakes are applied, stopping the truck in a uniform manner in an additional 5 sec. a. How long is the truck in motion? b. What is the average velocity of the truck during the motion described? 33/51 In a test run, a certain car accelerates uniformly from zero to 24 m/s in 2.95 s. a. What is the magnitude of the car s acceleration? b. How long does it take the car to change its speed from 10 m/s to 20 m/s? c. Will doubling the time always double the change in speed? Why?

37/51 A train is traveling down a straight track at 20 m/s when the engineer applies the brakes, resulting in an acceleration of 1 m/s2 as long as the train is in motion. How far does the train move during the 40 s interval starting at the instant the brakes are supplied? 39/51 A car starts from rest and travels for 5 sec with a uniform acceleration of + 1.5 m/s2. The driver then applies the brakes causing a uniform acceleration of 2 m/s2.. If the brakes are applied for 3 s, a. How fast is the car going at the end of the braking period b. How far has the car gone?

Vertical Motion: Free Fall

Key Concepts and Equations: Equations: y = vy0 + ayt2 vy = vy0 + ayt vy2 = vyo2 + 2ayvy In the absence of air resistance, and if only gravity acts on the object, a y = g for all objects. Object is said to be under free-fall. Near the earth s surface, g = 9.8 m/s2 = 32 ft/s2

 For objects thrown straight: Downward Upward y = vyot + ( g) t2 y = vyot + ( g) t2 vy = vyo + ( g) t vy = vyo+ ( g) t vy2 = vyo2 + 2( g) (y) vy2 = vyo2 +2( g) y At its topmost point, vy = 0

t up ! 2 ghmax !

vyo g

! treturn

Catch a bill.
Hold a bill vertically and ask a friend to position his/her index finger and thumb midway of the bill. The friend must catch the bill as soon as he/she sees you release. This is done without your friend moving his hand downward. Measure your reaction time using a meter stick.

Check Questions
1. A ball is thrown vertically upward. a. What are its velocity and acceleration when it reaches its maximum altitude? b. What is its acceleration while it is going up? While it is going down? 2. A lead and an aluminum ball, each 1 inch in diameter, are released simultaneously and allowed to fall to the ground. Due to its greater density, the lead ball has a substantially larger mass than the aluminum ball. Which of these balls, if either, has the greater acceleration due to gravity?

Example Exercises
45/51 A ball is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 25 m/s. a. How high does it rise? b. How long does it take to reach its highest point? c. How long does the ball take to hit the ground after it reaches its highest point? d. What is its velocity when it returns to the level from which it started? e. How would the answer to part a change if the person throwing the ball jumped upward at the instant the ball is released?

50/52 A small mailbag is released from a helicopter that is descending steadily at 1.5 m/s. After 2 sec , a. what is the speed of the mailbag? b. How far is it below the helicopter? c. What will the answers to a and b if the helicopter is steadily rising at 1.5 m/s?? 51/52 A tennis player tosses a tennis ball straight up and then catches it after at the same height as the point of release. a. What is the velocity of the ball when it reaches its maximum height? b. Find the maximum height it reaches.

63/52 A ball is thrown upward from the ground with an initial speed of 25 m/s at the same instant, another ball is dropped from a building 15 m high. After how long will the balls be at the same height? 75/53 A stuntman sitting on a tree limb wishes to drop vertically onto a horse galloping under the tree. The constant speed of the horse is 10 m/s, and the man is initially 3 m above the level of the saddle. a. What must be the horizontal distance between the saddle and the limb when the man makes his move? b. How long is he in the air?