A NOVEL APPROACH FOR BRAIN TUMOR

CLASSIFICATION USING CONVOLUTIONAL

NEURAL NETWORK
 CONTENTS
 OBJECTIVE
 INTRODUCTION
 ABSTRACT
 PROBLEM STATEMENT
 DRAWBACKS
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 PROPOSED SYSTEM
 ADVANTAGES
 BLOCK DIAGRAM
 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
 REFERENCES
OBJECTIVE

 The aim of this project is to segment the tumor in the brain using

convolutional neural networks in an efficient manner.

ABSTRACT
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a widely used imaging technique to assess

these tumors.

• The large amount of data produced by MRI prevents manual segmentation in a

reasonable time.

• Automatic and reliable segmentation methods are required

• Propose an automatic segmentation method based on Convolutional Neural

Networks (CNN), exploring small 3x3 kernels.

• investigated the use of intensity normalization as a pre-processing

• CNN-based segmentation methods, proved together with data to be very effective for

brain tumor segmentation in MRI images.

INTRODUCTION
MRI

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a test that uses a magnetic field and pulses

of radio wave energy to make pictures of organs and structures inside the body.

• In many cases, MRI gives different information about structures in the body.

• Current treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a

combination of them.

• MRI is especially useful to assess gliomas in clinical practice, since it is possible

to acquire MRI sequences providing complementary information.

• Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), exploring small 3x3 kernels.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
 Tumor growth models can be used as estimates of its mass effect, being useful
to improve the atlases.
 The neighborhood of the voxels provides useful information for achieving
smoother segmentations through Markov Random Fields (MRF).
 MRF to segment brain tumors after a first oversegmentation of the image into
supervoxels, with a histogram-based estimation of the likelihood function.
 Training stage can be a disadvantage, this method can learn brain tumor
patterns that do not follow a specific model. This kind of approaches
commonly consider voxels as independent and identically distributed, although
context information may be introduced through the features. Because of this,
some isolated voxels or small clusters may be mistakenly classified with the
wrong class, sometimes in physiological and anatomically unlikely locations.
 To overcome this problem, the author propose a deep CNNs network. It
investigate the potential of using deep architectures with small convolutional
kernels for segmentation of gliomas in MRI images.
LITERATURE REVIEW
S. Title Author and year Method Advantages Disadvantag
No es
1 Soft fuzzy rough Anupama • Soft fuzzy rough •Reducing clustering •The lower
set-based Namburu c-means is mistakes speed and
MR brain image (2016) proposed to extract •Fast convergence due also longer
segmentation the white matter, to soft set similarity run time.
gray matter coefficient and effective
initialization of
centroids using
histogram.

2 Attribute clustering Fannia Pacheco • New • It avoiding a retraining • Lack of

using rough set (2016) unsupervised process real time
theory for feature algorithm for •High Precision response
selection in fault feature selection • It only
severity based on attribute reflects the
classification of clustering and uncertainty
rotating machinery rough set theory. of
knowledge.
3 A Fuzzy clustering C. Senthilkumar • Segment normal •The algorithm produce •Large
based MRI brain (2018) tissues such as high efficiency complexity
image segmentation White Matter, Gray •It can be imposed in of network
using back Matter, any applications. structure.
propagation neural Cerebrospinal fluid •Complex
networks and abnormal for real time
tissue application.
S. Title Author and year Method Advantage Disadvanta
No
s ges
4 Brain MRI Image Yong Xia List • A novel •It improve •It produce
Segmentation Based (2015) segmentation accuracy. excessive over
on Learning Local algorithm based on segmentation
Variational Gaussian learning a cohort •Increase
Mixture Models of local variational computational
Gaussian mixture complexity
(LVGM) models.

5 Semi-supervised Dwarikanath • Propose a self • Highest • It does not

learning and graph Mahapatra (2016) consistency (SC) segmentation make use of
cuts for consensus score to quantify accuracy contours,
based medical image annotator •It provide rather it
segmentation consistency using better quality separate image
low level image into different
features. region.
6 Generalised rough Anupama Namburu • Generalized •Easy • Depends on
intuitionistic fuzzy (2017) rough fuzzy c- Implement brain motion
cmeans for magnetic means. • Low Cost fluctuation.
resonance brain • Soft rough fuzzy
image segmentation c-means
S. Title Author and year Method Advantages Disadvant
No
ages
7 Hadoop based Dishant Mittal • Hadoop based • Fast Clustering • High cost
Uncertain (2016) Possibilistic • The algorithm • Doest not
Possibilistic Kernelized Rough C- gets work if
Kernelized C-Means means. automatically vessels have
Algorithms for Image •Hadoop based scaled up for been
Segmentation and a Possibilistic faster processing coagulated.
Comparative analysis Kernelized Rough with growing
Intuitionistic Fuzzy size of data
C-means
8 Rough Possibilistic Indrajit Saha • Clustering • Highest • Lack of
Type-2 Fuzzy C- (2015) algorithms based on segmentation real time
Means Clustering for type-1 fuzzy set accuracy response.
MR Brain Image theory. •It provide better
Segmentation • Rough Possibilistic quality
Type-2 Fuzzy C-
Means clustering
with the integration
of Random forest.
9 Novel Approach to Pan Shao (2016) • Robust semi- •Widely • More
Unsupervised Change supervised fuzzy C- applicable. Complex
Detection Based on a means (RSFCM) •Relatively • Difficult to
Robust Semi- clustering algorithm accurate result. implement.
Supervised FCM
Clustering Algorithm
S. No Title Author and Method Advantages Disadvant
year
ages
10 Automated Deepika • Spatial • The proposed • Complex
delineation of Koundal Neutrosophic method achieves and long
thyroid nodules in (2015) Distance the automated process.
ultrasound images Regularized Level nodule boundary •Required
using spatial Set (SNDRLS). even for low- for more
neutrosophic •Active Contour contrast, blurred, available
clustering and level Without Edges and noisy thyroid data.
set (ACWE). ultrasound images
without any
human
intervention.
PROPOSED SYSTEM
 Propose an automatic segmentation method based on Convolutional Neural
Networks (CNN), exploring small 3x3 kernels.
 The use of small kernels allows designing a deeper architecture, besides
having a positive effect against over fitting, given the fewer number of
weights in the network.
 It investigated the use of intensity normalization as a pre-processing step,
which though not common in CNN-based segmentation methods, proved
together with data augmentation to be very effective for brain tumor
segmentation in MRI images.
ADVANTAGES
 Better in Sensitivity.
 Fast segmentation during normal use.
 Reduce segmentation process time.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Input Brain Patch

Image Preprocessing Extraction

Patch
Images preprocessing
Dataset Extraction
Mean and Variable

Classify Tumor
using CNN

Weights
Weights
Post
Preprocessing

Classification
Result
PREPROCESSING
 The first stage of preprocessing is image resizing, In images are the exact size

need them to be.

 When an image is resized, its pixel information is changed. 

 It returns an image that is SCALE times the size of input image.

 Histogram equalization enhances the contrast of images by transforming the

values in an intensity image.

 It accomplishes this by effectively spreading out the most frequent intensity

values, i.e. stretching out the intensity range of the image.

 This method usually increases the global contrast of images when its usable data

is represented by close contrast values.

 This allows for areas of lower local contrast to gain a higher contrast.
PATCH EXTRACTION
 The mean of each patch is removed from each pixels value.

 Patches are sorted based on their energy, those with a high level of energy

are kept by thresholding.

 Patches are reshaped as columns in order to form Y.
PATCH PRE-PROCESSING
 In this intensity normalization method, a set of intensity landmarks are

learned for each sequence from the training set.

 After training, the intensity normalization is accomplished by linearly

transforming the original intensities between two landmarks into the

corresponding learned landmarks.
 After normalizing the MRI images, compute the mean intensity value and

standard deviation across all training patches extracted for each sequence.
 Then, normalize the patches on each sequence to have zero mean and unit

variance.
CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK
 The application of convolutional layers consists in convolving a signal or
an image with kernels to obtain feature maps.
 So, a unit in a feature map is connected to the previous layer through the
weights of the kernels.
 The weights of the kernels are adapted during the training phase by
backpropagation, in order to enhance certain characteristics of the input.
 Since the kernels are shared among all units of the same feature maps,
convolutional layers have fewer weights to train than dense FC layers,
making CNN easier to train and less prone to overfitting.
 Moreover, since the same kernel is convolved over all the image, the same
feature is detected independently of the location translation invariance.
 By using kernels, information of the neighborhood is taken into account,
which is an useful source of context information .
 Usually, a non-linear activation function is applied on the output of each
neural unit.
POST-PROCESSING
 Some small clusters may be erroneously classified as tumor.

 To deal with that, impose volumetric constrains by removing clusters in the

segmentation obtained by the CNN that are smaller than a predefined

threshold .
SCREEN SHOT
INPUT IMAGE
GRAY SCALE IMAGE
OPENING-BY-RECONSTRUCTION
RECONSTRUCT IMAGE
SHAPE OF THE TUMOR
PATCH EXTRACTION
LABELS
BOUNDARY LAYER IMAGE
BOUNDARY IMAGE
CNN
CNN-BASED FEATURE EXTRACTION
BRAIN TUMOR POSITION
BRAIN TUMOR INNER REGION
BRAIN TUMOR OUTER REGION
BRAIN TUMOR SIZE
SEGMENTED IMAGE
SEGMENTED TUMOR PART
 CONCLUSION

 Thus, a novel CNN-based method for segmentation of brain tumors in MRI

images. The pre-processing stage consisting of bias field correction,

intensity and patch normalization. After that, during training, the number of
training patches is artificially augmented by rotating the training patches,
and using samples of HGG to augment the number of rare LGG classes.
The CNN is built over convolutional layers with small 3x3 kernels to allow
deeper architectures.
 FUTURE WORK

 In future work propose a label-fusionaided deep-learning approach for

automatically segmenting isointense infant brain images into white matter,

gray matter and cerebrospinal fluid using T1- and T2-weighted magnetic
resonance images. A key idea of our approach is to apply the fully
convolutional neural network (FCNN) to individual brain regions
determined by a traditional registration-based segmentation method instead
of training a single model for the whole brain.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
 MATLAB R 2020b

 MATLAB

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It

integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-
use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar
mathematical notation.
REFERENCES
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2013.
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 [3] E. G. Van Meir et al., “Exciting new advances in neuro-oncology:The
avenue to a cure for malignant glioma,” CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, vol.
60, no. 3, pp. 166–193, 2010.
 [4] G. Tabatabai et al., “Molecular diagnostics of gliomas: the clinical
perspective,” Acta neuropathologica, vol. 120, no. 5, pp. 585–592, 2010.
 [5] B. Menze et al., “The multimodal brain tumor image segmentation
benchmark (brats),” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 34,no. 10, pp.
1993–2024, 2015.