MEASLES

(RUBEOLA)

PRESENTED BY:
GABATAN, SWEETY FE A.
MINALANG, ANISA
 Measles:Introduction
• Infection caused by the Measles virus, chich is a
member of the viral family Paramyxoviridae

• Enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded

RNA virus

• “Morbillivirus”

• Highly contagious virus

• 90% of individuals who are exposed will

become infected
Measles: Background
Pre-vaccine Era
• In the 9th century, a Persian doctor published one of the first written accounts of measles
disease.
• Francis Home, a Scottish physician, demonstrated in 1757 that measles is caused by an
infectious agent in the blood of patients.
• In 1912, measles became a nationally notifiable disease in the United States, requiring
U.S. healthcare providers and laboratories to report all diagnosed cases. In the first
decade of reporting, an average of 6,000 measles-related deaths were reported each year.
• In the decade before 1963 when a vaccine became available, nearly all children got
measles by the time they were 15 years of age.
– 3 to 4 million people in the United States were infected each year
– Also each year, among reported cases, an estimated 400 to 500 people died,
48,000 were hospitalized, and 1,000 suffered encephalitis (swelling of the brain) from
measles.
• The number of measles cases has increased in the Philippines in recent years, with a
dramatic increase in cases across the country in late 2018.
• Philippines’ Department of Health (DOH) reported outbreaks of measles in five
Regions (February 7, 2019)
• National Capital Region,
• Central Luzon (III)
• CALABARZON (IV-A)
• Western Visayas (VI)
• Central Visayas (VII).
• In the following weeks, the outbreaks reached 17 Regions.
Measles: Origin
• Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease, which despite being vaccine-
preventable, still imposes a tremendous burden on human health. Like many human
diseases, measles originated in animals.
• Researchers suspect that the measles virus emerged when the now-eradicated rinderpest
virus spilled over from cattle into human populations. The timing and circumstances of
this important host switch are still debated.
• The first case of measles is believed to have appeared in the Middle East due to the
close proximity and large amounts of time cattle herders spent with their cattle.
• Measles is a serious disease that causes a rash and fever.
• Measles is very contagious. It spreads when a person with
measles breathes out, coughs, or sneezes. Anyone who is not
vaccinated is much more likely to get measles if exposed.
• Measles can be dangerous, especially for babies and young
children. In rare cases, it can be deadly.
• Measles causes a red, blotchy rash that usually appears
first on the face and behind the ears, then spreads
downward to the chest and back and finally to the feet.
Signs and Symptoms
Include:

• Fever
• Dry cough
• Runny nose
• Sore throat
• Inflamed eyes (conjunctivitis)
• Tiny white spots with bluish-white centers on a red background found inside the mouth
on the inner lining of the cheek — also called Koplik's spots
• A skin rash made up of large, flat blotches that often flow into one another
Mode of Transmission
• Measles is a highly contagious/infectious viral infection of the
respiratory system.
The virus can spread through various means:
1. Physical contact with an infected person.
2. Being near infected people if they cough or sneeze.
3. Touching a surface that has infected droplets of mucus and then
putting fingers into the mouth, or rubbing the nose or eyes.
• It is airborne(through droplets).
• One cannot get measles more than once. After been infected by the
virus, he/she is immune for life.
Incubation/Duration
The virus has three consecutive periods:
• Incubation period: 10-15 days is the incubation period of measles. In those
days no sign or symptoms, will appear.
• Exposure period: the measles rash appears 2-4 days after the initial symptoms
and lasts for up to 8 days. Measles typically begins with mild to moderate fever,
accompanied with cough, runny nose ,sore throat and red eyes. Small red rash
first appears to face then after few days spread to the whole body with high
temperature.
• Communicable period: measles are infectious from starting four days before
the rash appears and ending when the rash has been present for four days .
Medical Intervention/Vaccination
Two types of vaccines that protect against measles:
• measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine
- for children, often given in two shots
*first shot – 12-15 months
*second shot – 4 or 5 years

• measles, mumps, rubella, varicella (MMRV) vaccine

- only available for children ages 12 months to 12 years of age
*first shot – between 12 and 15 months
*second shot – between 4 and 6 years

However, the second shot can be given three months after the first shot. Talk to your child’s
healthcare provider about the best timing for your child.
Medications:

• Fever reducers – acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Children's

Motrin, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve) to help relieve the fever that
accompanies measles.
Note: Never give aspirin to children or teenagers unless your healthcare provider
specifically tells you to because of the risk of Reye’s syndrome.

• Antibiotics – If a bacterial infection, such as pneumonia or an ear infection,

develops while you or your child has measles

• Vitamin A – Children with low levels of vitamin A are more likely to have a more
severe case of measles. Giving vitamin A may lessen the severity of the measles. It's
generally given as a large dose of 200,000 international units (IU) for children older
than a year.
Preventive Measures/Cure
There’s no cure for measles. The virus must run its course, which usually takes about 10 to
14 days.
You can do some things that might make you feel better, such as:
• Taking acetaminophen or ibuprofen for aches, pains or fever.
• Getting plenty of rest.
• Drinking enough fluids.
• Gargling with salt water.
• Avoiding harsh light if your eyes hurt.
• People who are not immune should consider the measles vaccine.
• If one contacts the measles virus, limit interaction with others, i.e. isolation.
• A child with measles should not return to school until at least 5 days after the rash
appears.
Health Teaching
Prevent your child from spreading measles to
others:
• Keep child away from others, especially
people who have never had measles or an
MMR shot
• Keep child away from pregnant women or
people with long-term medical problems
• Keep child home from school or day care
until the fever and rash are gone. This usually
takes about eight days.
CONTACT  A  CAREGIVER  IF:
• Your  child  has  a  fever
• Your  child's  cough  lasts  for  more  than  four  or  five  days  or  coughing   brings  up
 thick  sputum  that  is  not  clear.  This  could  mean  your  child   has  another  infection.
• Your  child  has  an  earache
• Your  child  or  anyone  in  your  household  develops  a  rash  that  looks   like  measles
SEEK  CARE  IMMEDIATELY  IF:
• Your  child  has  trouble  breathing  or  is  breathing  very  fast
• Your  child  has  a  headache,  drowsiness,  and  stiff  neck
• Your  child  has  a  seizure 
Conclusions
• Measles virus is a virus that uses the lytic cycle to reproduce , it destroys the

host after producing as many copies possible.

• If measles is not properly treated or maintained it could lead to serious

complications and possibly death.

• Measles can be modified or atypical.

THANK YOU &
GOD BLESS!