Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Faculty:
Mr. MANOJ SAINI
Designation Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Galgotias College of Engineering & Technology
1, Knowledge Park, Phase-II
Greater Noida (UP)-201306
E-mail: manoj.saini@galgotiacollege.edu
Mob No: 9050282545
UNIT - 2
Lecture -1
DETAILED SYLLABUS UNIT-2
INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION & CONTROL
S1
SINGLE POLE, SINGLE THROW = SPST
A simple on-off switch. This type can be used to switch
the power supply to a circuit.
Circuit Symbol Example
SINGLE POLE, DOUBLE THROW =
SPDT
This switch can be on in both positions, switching on a
separate device in each case. It is often called a
changeover switch. For example, a SPDT switch can be
used to switch on a red lamp in one position and a green
lamp in the other position.
Example
Circuit Symbol
DOUBLE POLE, SINGLE THROW =
DPST
A pair of on-off switches which operate together (shown
by the dotted line in the circuit symbol).
Circuit Symbol Example
DOUBLE POLE, DOUBLE THROW =
DPDT
A pair of on-on switches which operate together (shown
by the dotted line in the circuit symbol).
Circuit Symbol Example
PUSH BUTTON SWITCHES (NO/NC)
A Normally Open (NO) switch returns to its normally
open (off) position when you release the button.
Circuit Symbol Example
Push-to-make switch
They were used to switch the signal coming from one source to another
destination.
After the invention of computers they were also used to perform Boolean
and other logical operations.
The high end applications of relays require high power to be driven by
electric motors and so on.
Such relays are called contactors.
WHERE DO WE USE RELAYS?
Relays have a wide range of application.
You can find relays everywhere: home appliances,
automobiles, industries, and even in copy machines.
In some applications, relays are used for switching or
control of circuit (as in timer-based lighting control)
whereas in others they are used to sense and protect
circuits (as in the case of earth fault protection relays).
Therefore, it is difficult to specify the application area of
relays.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Relays are basically classified into two types based on
their working principle as electro-mechanical relays
and solid-state relays.
The principle of operation of these relays is entirely
different.
OPERATION OF
ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS
OPERATION OF
ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS
Electromechanical relays transfer signals between its contact through a
mechanical motion.
It consists of two sections:
Hence, when the armature is pulled towards the electromagnet, the contact
closes.
When the input voltage applied to the coil is removed, the armature is
brought back to its original position by the spring release.
This is how an electromagnetic relay works.
OPERATION OF SOLID-STATE RELAYS
OPERATION OF SOLID-STATE RELAYS
Solid-state relays are commonly known as SSRs. Unlike electromechanical
relays, these relays do not have any mechanically moving parts.
On the other hand, it consists of semiconductor and electronic components within.
Let’s make a circuit, that can be used to switch a lamp whenever something comes
close to it.
Here we use a proximity sensor to sense the objects close by.
Whenever something comes close to the sensor, it closes the circuit, allowing current
flow to the coil.
The operating voltage of the relay coil and sensor is 24VDC and that of the lamp is
230VAC.
In the above circuit, whenever some object is brought close to the sensor, 24VDC
from the source is applied across the relay coil.
A current flows through the coil, the relay coil is magnetized and the contacts are
closed.
Therefore, the lamp glows.
When the object moves away from the proximity sensor, it stops conducting and the
relay coil is demagnetized, and the contacts fall back to its original position.
Current flow to the lamp is interrupted and the lamp stops glowing.
APPLICATION
Relays have a wide range of applications starting from
washing machines at homes to the telecommunication
systems at the International space station, relays can be found
everywhere. The following are a few key applications:
Relays are used in electronic circuits and home appliances for
isolating low voltage or DC circuits from high voltage AC circuits.
Relays are the backbone of industrial process automation systems.
They are used in combination with PLCs for process control. They
are one of the key components in an automation cabinet.
Used for signaling and control in railway networks.
In motor control circuits for motor switching, protection as well as
control.
In substations and power distribution centers for sensing various
faults and operating the circuit breaker.
TYPES OF RELAYS
Relays have a wide range of classifications. Here, we have classified them based on
their application as follows
Classification of
Relays
General Purpose
Protection relays
relays
TYPES OF RELAYS
General purpose relays
Miniature relays
Latching relays
Timer relays
Contactors
Machine tool relays
Hybrid relays
Smart relays
Signal relays
Automobile relays
PCB relays
TYPES OF RELAYS
Protection relays
Thermal overload relays
Distance protection relays
Earth fault relays
Under / over voltage relays
Under / over current relays
Under / over speed relays
Frequency protection relays
Differential relays
Electronic relays
Buchholz relays
TYPES OF RELAYS - GENERAL PURPOSE RELAYS
Auxiliary relays/ Miniature relays
These relays are used in the control circuits to switch any device/circuit when some condition is
satisfied.
It is the basic form of relays, with a coil and a set of contacts for switching.
These relays are available in various contact configurations.
Latching relays
Latching relays hold the position of contacts indefinitely even if the supply to the coil is removed.
It consists of two separate coils, one to latch and others to release.
When current flows through the first coil (Coil A), the York gets magnetized and the armature is
attracted towards the core.
The York is made up of a special magnetic material that keeps the armature attracted even if the voltage
applied to the coil is removed.
In order to bring back the armature to its original position, voltage is applied to the second coil(Coil B).
The second coil is wound over the York in such a way that the current flow through the coil generates
magnetic flux opposite to the existing field.
This weakens the existing magnetic field and the armature is released. Hence the contacts fall back to its
original position
TYPES OF RELAYS - GENERAL PURPOSE
RELAYS
Timer relays
Delay timers are the example of timer relays.
They are made in such a way that the contacts operates in a short time after the coil is
energized.
Contactors
Contactors are used for the switch of electric motors, capacitors, lighting loads and other
high-power applications that a relay cannot handle.
The principle of operation of contactors are same as that of the relays.
They are designed to carry more current than the relays.
They have specially designed arc chutes to mitigate the electric arcs formed during the
switching of high current loads.
Machine tool relays
These relays are used for logic control in machinery.
These are electro-mechanical relays with a large number of contacts.
These relays are obsolete now and are replaced by PLCs.
Hybrid-relays
Hybrid-relays combine both a static-relay and a mechanical-relay in parallel, marrying the
low voltage-drop of a relay to the high reliability of silicon devices.
TYPES OF RELAYS - GENERAL PURPOSE
RELAYS
Smart relays
Relays monitor voltages, currents and frequency in the electrical system and send control signals to
protective devices such as circuit breakers or switches.
Smart relays can store measurement data and process that data to provide utilities with complex
information about power system conditions.
The settings of smart relays can be adjusted automatically or remotely in response to changing
conditions and control instructions.
Signal relays
Signal relays are mainly used for lower than 2A load switching, and can be used in various
applications such as telecom & network devices, test and measurement equipment, and security
devices.
Automotive relays
Automotive relays are the common type of electromechanical relay that are used in all types of
vehicles, like car, trucks, vans and trailers.
They enable a small current flow circuit to control and operate a higher current circuit in vehicular
applications.
Printed circuit board (PCB) relays
Printed circuit board (PCB) relays are compact relay devices used for power management in control
system designs which require the relay to be mounted directly on the printed circuit board
TYPES OF RELAYS - PROTECTION
RELAYS
Thermal overload relays
Thermal overload relays are protective devices.
They are designed to cut power if the motor draws too much current for an
extended period of time.
To accomplish this, thermal overload relays contain a normally closed (NC) relay.
When excessive current flows through the motor circuit, the relay opens due to
increased motor temperature, relay temperature, or sensed overload current,
depending on the relay type.
Distance protection relay
Since the impedance of a transmission line is proportional to its length, for distance
measurement it is appropriate to use a relay capable of measuring the impedance of
a line up to a predetermined point (the reach point).
The basic principle of distance protection involves the division of the voltage at the
relaying point by the measured current.
The apparent impedance so calculated is compared with the reach point impedance.
If the measured impedance is less than the reach point impedance, it is assumed
that a fault exists on the line between the relay and the reach point.
TYPES OF RELAYS - PROTECTION
RELAYS
Earth leakage relay
An Earth leakage relay is used to protect a device or a circuit from earth faults and
human being from electric shocks.
It senses the current leakage to the earth and helps safely isolating the circuit or
device.
The contacts of earth leakage relay are connected to trip circuit of a circuit breaker.
The earth leakage relay activates the trip circuit as soon as the leakage current goes
over the preset value and opens the circuit breaker.
Under /Over Voltage Relay
Under /Over Voltage Relay is used to provide a signal that the incoming power supply
voltage is outside of a predetermined range.
This signal can be used to trigger an alarm or shut down sensitive equipment in an
orderly manner to prevent permanent damage.
It is designed to develop a low-voltage and high-voltage tripping mechanism to protect
a load from any damage.
Differential relay
A differential relay is defined as the relay that operates when the phasor difference of
two or more similar electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined amount
TYPES OF RELAYS - PROTECTION
RELAYS
Electronic relay
The electronic relay is a type of an electronic switch that opens or
close the circuit contacts by using electronic component without any
mechanical operation.
Buchholz relay
Buchholz relay is an oil actuated relay.
It gives an alarm or trips the input supply based on the level of oil
inside it.
It also responds quickly to the unusual oil flow from the transformer
main tank to the oil conservator.
It is a protection and monitoring equipment not only for transformers
but also for oil-immersed chokes with an oil conservator.
It protects a transformer from short circuits happening inside the
main tank.