SPATIAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF

SOIL INVESTIGATION DATA FOR

CONSTRUCTION PLANNING
PAPER ID. 495

Late Parveen Chander A1, Dr. Rajiv Chauhan B2, Dr. Rajesh
Kumar C3 and Amardeep Kaur D4
1,4
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, IKGPTU,
Kapurthala, Punjab-144603; Email: amardeepkaur@gmail.com
2
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IKGPTU,
Kapurthala, Punjab-144603; Email: dr.rajivchauhan@ptu.ac.in
3
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh College
of Engineering and Technology, Chandigarh, Punjab–160019; E-
mail: rajeshaastha@ccet.ac.in
INTRODUCTION
• The land suitable for development is exhausting day by day due to rapid expansion
Industrial development. Prior to the development, the land management for future is
paramount which must be identified and approved by the engineers and planers,
[Constantin,2010; Pradhan B., 2010].
• Determination of geotechnical characteristics of the soil can be a suitable tool for basic
information required for the projects planning for any specific site. With the increasing
need for rapid urbanization and industrialization, the importance of zoning maps related
with important geotechnical properties are very useful.
• India is a vast country with a population of 125 million people. Punjab state is
located in the northern Part of India. Amritsar is an important district of Punjab
state and is located in northern part of India which lies between 31.4700000 to
32.0541670 North latitudes and 74.4916670 to 75.404166670 East longitudes. The
Amritsar is very much famous for Harmandir Sahab (Golden Temple) holiest place
for the Sikh community. It is the foremost pilgrimage site of Sikhism. 45 million
people visited Amritsar in 2018 as per estimates. Total area of the district is 2647
sq km.
PROBLEM AND THEORIES
• Infrastructure sector is a key driver for the economy. This sector is solely responsible for
propelling overall development and attract intense focus from Government for initiating
policies that would ensure time-bound creation of world class infrastructure. The land
suitable for development is exhausting day by day due to rapid expansion Industrial
development
• Geotechnical investigations and zonation maps help to plan construction activity and
engineering structures with reduced risks.
• The best way to evaluate and interpret geotechnical properties of a place, is the use of
borehole data of Standard Penetration Test.
• Field and laboratory tests performed provide useful information on geotechnical properties.
• This information is converted into maps and zones by spatial analysis using ArcGIS
software.
METHODS
• In this paper, authors investigated geotechnical properties of Amritsar District using geotechnical data and
analyzing it for usage maps drawn in GIS environments. Geotechnical zoning based on information obtained
from boreholes in city of Guwahati Assam state in the northeast of India was reported by authors [Zoltan
T.,2011]. Another study was based on information from 200 boreholes with a depth of 30 meters drilled in the
city. The results of field tests such as SPT, geophysical test and experimental results were used to draw GIS
geotechnical zone maps [Pradhan B., 2011; Pradhan B., 2011; Pardhan B.,2011] for various places across
globe.
1. Data Analysis Model
After tabulating the geotechnical properties of soil, study is carried out. Different parameters were analyzed at
different levels from 1.5 m to 15.0 m using various tools Two types of analysis was performed on the tabulated
data
i. Spatial Analysis using ArcGIS software
ii. Statistical Analysis
Spatial Analysis using ArcGIS software
The interpretation and analysis of the geotechnical testing data may be utilized for the establishment of a
zonation map of the area. Geotechnical zoning criteria is compiled to determine the environment under which a
region can be treated as homogeneous [33]. Some of these criteria include:
a) Degree of dispersion of the data acquired
b) The maximum number of intervals and
c) Minimum area of the region, which can be considered as a homogeneous or nearly homogeneous.
The Data collected was analyzed and thematic maps were established using Arc GIS for the following
Geotechnical Properties:
(1) Soil type (2) SPT N value (3) Bulk density (4) Subsoil water table.
Statistical Analysis
 Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and
presentation. In applying statistics to, for example, a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional
to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model process to be studied. Statistical analysis is the
process of collecting and reading data so that one can describe past behavior and characteristics and predict
future ones. Statistical analysis is a component of data analytics. In the context of business intelligence,
statistical analysis involves collecting and scrutinizing every data sample in a set of items from which samples
can be drawn. A sample, in statistics, is a representative selection drawn from a total population.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• The Spatial analysis has been done using ArcMap10.4.1 to prepare zonation maps for different depths of the
area under study. The major soil types are clayey, silty and sandy soils. The Average N value varies from 7.10
at 1.5 m to 24.79 m at 15.0 m depth. Similarly, average bulk density varies from 1.70 to 1.82 (t/cum). The
variation of average shear angle is 24.43 to 32.06 degrees. The present study of geotechnical investigation
based on GIS will aid in planning and mitigating risks of urban areas having poor subsoil conditions.
• 3.4 Development of Correlation
The SPT has been used to correlate different soil parameters i.e., Bulk density/unit weight γ and angle of
internal friction φ. It has also been used to estimate the bearing capacity of foundations and for estimating the
“Es” stress-strain modulus. Terzaghi and Peck give the following correlation (Table 1) between SPT value and
other soil parameters.
Linear relationships of above correlation with average values can be very helpful in analytical problems.

• Figure 15 Correlation between SPT N value and bulk density at 1.5 m depth
Table 4 Linear equations and Coefficient of determination, R 2 at different depth for N value and Bulk density
correlation.
Depth in meters Correlation Equation R²
1.5 y = 0.006x + 1.655 0.118
3.0 y = 0.005x + 1.657 0.115
4.5 y = 0.005x + 1.668 0.217
6.0 y = 0.007x + 1.645 0.504
7.5 y = 0.008x + 1.632 0.574
9.0 y = 0.007x + 1.641 0.632
10.5 y = 0.006x + 1.669 0.622
12.0 y = 0.005x + 1.679 0.654
13.5 y = 0.005x + 1.688 0.601
15.0 y = 0.006x + 1.664 0.869
Values for all depths taken simultaneously
y = 0.007x + 1.65 0.747
CONCLUSIONS
The following are the major conclusions drawn from the study:
1.The average N-value at 1.5 m is 3.65 and at some places, it varies from 0.0 to 1.0, which indicates a
drastically weak soil. Most of the single storey buildings are founded at this depth. However, it is not possible to
provide normal shallow footing on such type of soil strata.
2. At 3.0 m depth, again average N value is 5.74, which cannot be considered a good value. Moreover, it is not
possible to lay shallow foundation at this depth. Excavation up to this depth is not possible without formwork
and rather it will be too costly. High water table creates more complications.
3. The Average N-Value at 4.5 m depth is 8.57. A stratum with N-Value less than 10.0 is not considered a good
stratum. The Average N-Value at 6.0 m, 7.5 m and 9.0 m depth is 10.97, 13.71 and 15.69 respectively.
4. The average water table is 2.27 m. The high-water table creates a problem of subsidence of soil during
excavation of foundation. The dewatering is not only difficult but a costly affair also. The bearing capacity gets
highly reduced due to shallow water table location for this area.
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