THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT LEARNERS

AND LEARNING PRINCIPLES

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WHAT IS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT?
It is the pattern of movement that
begins at conception and continues
through the life span. Development
includes growth and decline. This
means that development can be
positive or negative. 3
TWO APPROACHES TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

If you believe that Zia Dantes and Kenn school

boy will show extensive change from birth to
adolescence, little or no change in adulthood and
decline in late old age, your approach to
development is Traditional.
In you believe that even in adulthood development
change takes place as it does during childhood,
your approach is termed Life-span approach. 4
CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
FROM A LIFE-SPAN PERSPECTIVE

1. Development is lifelong
2. Development is plastic
3. Development is multidimensional
4. Development is contextual
5. Development involves growth maintenance and regulation
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1. DEVELOPMENT IS LIFELONG
It does not end in adulthood.
Zia and Kenn will continue
developing even in adulthood.
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1. DEVELOPMENT IS PLASTIC
Plasticity refers to the potential
for change. Development is
possible throughout the life-
span. No one is too old to learn.
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1. DEVELOPMENT IS MULTIDIMENSIONAL
Development consists of biological, cognitive, and socio-
emotional dimensions.
o Biological process involve changes in the individual’s
physical nature. The brains of Zia and Kenn develop. They
will gain height and weight. They will experience hormonal
changes when they reach and period of puberty, and
cardiovascular decline as they approach late adulthood. All
these show common biological processes in development.
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1. DEVELOPMENT IS MULTIDIMENSIONAL
Development is relatively orderly
• Zia and Kenn will learn to sit, crawl then walk before they can run.
The muscular control of the trunk and the arms comes earlier as
compared to the hands and fingers. This is proximodistal pattern.
• During infancy, the greatest growth always occurs at the top- the
head- with physical growth in size, weight and future differentiation
gradually working its way down from top to bottom. This is the
cephalo-caudal pattern.
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1. DEVELOPMENT IS MULTIDIMENSIONAL

Development takes place gradually

•Zia and Kenn won’t develop into pimply
teenagers overnight. It takes years before
they become one. In fact, that’s the way of
nature.
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1. DEVELOPMENT IS MULTIDIMENSIONAL
oCognitive processes involve changes in
the individual’s thought, intelligence and
language. Zia and Kenn develop from mere
sounds to a word becoming two words, the
two words becoming a sentence.
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1. DEVELOPMENT IS MULTIDIMENSIONAL
oSocioemotional process include
changes in the individual’s
relationship with other people,
changes in emotions, and changes
in personality.
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1. DEVELOPMENT IS CONTEXTUAL
oIndividuals are changing beings in a changing
world. Individuals respond to and act on contexts.
These contexts include the individual’s biological
make up, physical environment, cognitive
processes, historical, social and cultural contexts.
Zia and Kenn’s biological make up, social and
cultural contexts may vary and therefore make
them develop differently from each other.
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1. DEVELOPMENT INVOLVES GROWTH,
MAINTENANCE AND REGULATION
oGrowth, maintenance and regulation are three
goals of human development. The goals of
individuals vary among developmental stages.
For instance, as individuals reach middle and
late adulthood, concern with growth gets into
the back stage while maintenance and
regulation take the center age.
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