Cultural and Ideological influence

of China on India.
Social Structure of China
 Mao essay on class enemies
• The landlord class and the comprador class.
• The middle bourgeoisie.
• The petty bourgeoisie.
• The semi-proletariat. 
• The proletariat.
Social Structure of India
 Land Reforms in India
• Totally failed in India because of following
reasons-
• Even after the laws were enacted the landlords
(Upper castes) used the judicial system to defer
the implementation of the laws.
• Zamindars (Upper castes) refused to hand over
the land records in their possession, forcing the
government to go through the lenghty
procedure of reconstructing the records.
• In most states (provinces) the ceilings were
imposed on individual and not family holdings,
enabling landowners to divide up their
holdings in the names of relatives or make
benami (illegal) transfers merely to avoid the
ceiling.
• Further, in many states(provinces) the ceiling
could be raised if the size of the family of the
landholder exceeded five.
 Land Reforms in China
• Where in the other hand Land Reform
Movement led by the Chinese Communist
Party leader Mao Tse-tung which achieved
land redistribution to the pesantry.
• The movement resulted in hundreds of
millions of peasants receiving a plot of land for
the first time.
 Maoist Movements in India
• Naxalite Movement
• Bhojpur Movdement
• Srikakulam Peasant Uprising
• Bastar
 Naxalbari Movement

• Naxalbari (Lal Salaam) the foundation stone of the Maoist

movement in India and also give it a name: the Naxal movement.
• Naxalbari uprising was an armed peasant tribal (Scheduled Tribes)
revolt in 1967 in the Naxalbari block
of Siligurisubdivision in Darjeeling district, West Bengal, India. It
was mainly led by (Scheduled Tribes ) indigenous Tribal Peoples
and the radical communists leaders of Bengal and further
developed into the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) in
1969.
• The armed struggle became an inspiration to the Naxalite
Movement which rapidly spread from West Bengal to other states
of India.
• The Naxalite Movement was deeply influenced by Mao's ideas
and believed that similar conditions existed in India wherein
peasants and youth could be mobilized to overthrow the
government through armed struggle.

• China was quick to respond to the happenings in Naxalbari. An

editorial in People's Daily, the mouthpiece of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of China, termed the
happenings in Naxalbari 'apeal of spring thunder'.

• It further added: 'Revolutionary peasants in the Darjeeling area

have risen in rebellion. Under the leadership of a revolutionary
group of the Indian Communist Party, a Red area of rural
revolutionary armed struggle has been established in India.
This is a development of tremendous significance for the Indian
people's revolutionary struggle.'
• Feudalism is one big factor that contributed to the rise of
Naxalism since the beginning.

• In his jail diary, Naxal ideologue and poet Varavara Rao

describes the plight of women working as labourers in the
fields of a feudal landlord, Visunuru Deshmukh.

• Once the women begged him to let them off for a while to
enable them to breastfeed their children who lay outside the
fields. He is believed to have ordered them to fill a few
earthen pots with their milk.

• Then he snatched away the pots and threw that milk over his
fields.
 Bhojpur Movement
• A story of a backward and scheduled caste (Dalit)
•
• Washing clothes like his father, grandfather and great grand father did
not interest Ram Pravesh Baitha. He wanted to do a little better in
life. But he knew his limitations as well. There was no point dreaming
about bigger things. Smaller, manageable dreams would do for him, or so
he thought. A pucca house, a proper kitchen for his mother, a scooter for
himself. For this, Baitha had realised much earlier in his life, he would
have to somehow complete his education. And he did. In India - Bihar's
a province, Madhuban district, however, that a washer man's son would
flaunt his
graduation didn't go well with the upper-caste pride. So, Baitha was
summoned and beaten up badly for possessing a Bachelor's (under
graduate )degree. He swallowed that insult. His whole focus was on his
dream of a better life. He shifted to another university and completed his
Master's as well. And now, his dream was not far from being realised.
• Baitha applied for various jobs like most of his friends did.
But while his friends secured jobs, Baitha did not find
employment. And he realised soon enough why.
• Apparently he had got a job and had even been sent an
appointment letter. But the upper-caste staff at his village
post office did not want him to get that job. They tore the
appointment letter and threw it away. Baitha joined the
Naxal fold. He rose to become the commander of the
north Bihar cadre and was later arrested in May 2008.

• Caste is one major reason why Naxalism flourished in

Bihar.
 • The Bihar is even more steeped in hunger
and caste division than it is today.

• Most of the land holders were upper caste.

• The landless labourers and marginal farmers lived a miserable life.

• The upper-caste zamindars owned gangs of henchmen who would help them
to maintain their political clout and also keep the poor suppressed.

• The poor backward and schedule caste and Tribals (Working class) had no
voice.

• As scholar Bela Bhatia writes in one of her essays on the Naxalite movement
in Central Bihar: '… their (labourers') perception of poverty as a matter of
"fate" (naseeb) has changed; now they often see it as a matter of injustice.'
 DOLA PRATHA
• Sexual exploitation of the women folk was the norm.

• It was became a part of "cultural practice", and the landed

classes/Upper castes made it their privilege, leading to sexual
exploitation of the backward and untouchable castes
(scheduled caste (Dalit)  and scheduled Tribes girls. In this
custom, the newly wed backward and untouchable
(scheduled caste) or (Dalit), Scheduled Tribes bride is forced
to spend her first night with her local landlord.

• The word "Dola" literally means Palanquin.

• Besides sexual assaults, the drawing of water from the
village wells and walking on the pathways alongside
the landlords in that particular Rajput and Bhumihar
(upper caste) village were also forbidden for the
backward and schedule castes and scheduled Tribes.

• Some women also alleged that they had faced the

undignified teasings like "pinching on the breast"
by upper-caste landlords.
• The upper-caste men also exercised their social control
and hegemony in the rural society through appropriation
of the sexuality of the backward caste, schedule castes
and scheduled Tribes women.

• While the upper-caste women were secluded and

confined to the home by their men folks, the lower caste
(particularly landless labourer women from the
backward and Scheduled castes/Scheduled Tribes
families) were not confined to home leaving them
vulnerable to the gaze of upper caste men, who often
forget the notion of 'purity and pollution' when getting
into sexual contacts with the lower caste women.
• The backward and Scheduled castes men were often
unable to save the dignity of their women primarily
due to power relation and work situation in the rural
areas.

• The pattern of sexual atrocities against the backward

and Scheduled castes women were often more than
just rapes and sexual misconducts.
 • Bhukli Devi ( A Women Story)

• In one such example from a village of Samastipur district of

north Bihar in 1994, a woman named Bhukli Devi was paraded
naked on the charges of stealing some potatoes from the
fields of Bhumihars(Upper caste).

• The public humiliation was followed by her rape and

subsequently her Saree was inserted into her vagina. The
insertion of Saree ( a piece of cloth) in the vagina of the
backward and Scheduled castes/Scheduled Tribes women
could be understood as the upper-caste conception of the
ritual impurity of the womb of a the backward and Scheduled
castes/Scheduled Tribes woman and their condemnation of
the birth of future progeny of the the backward and
Scheduled castes (Dalits)/Scheduled Tribes.
• Bhojpur region remained a hotbed of caste wars in Bihar. The
region witnessed one of the biggest massacres of the Bihar.
One such was 'Naarhi massacre' in which 7 Scheduled caste
(Dalits) were killed by the Upper Caste landlords.
• A reporting in the region by The Wire, involving the local
Scheduled caste (Dalit) people belonging to Musahar caste,
revealed the presence of feudal practices like not allowing the
Backward and Scheduled caste (Dalits) to sit in the presence
of the feudal lords, and prevalence of "bonded labour system"
in the past.
• It was also alleged by the locals that most of the development
fund allotted by the government for the region was utilised in
the regions inhabited by local Rajputs.
• In another report from the Palamu district of Bihar,
Journalist Uttam Sengupta narrates the feudal
practice of upper-caste landlords, who often visit
nearby "Harijan tola" (hamlets inhabited by the
Scheduled caste (Dalits) and ask the men to send
their wives and daughters to Kothi (bungalows of the
landlords). They'll further remind the Scheduled
caste (Dalit) men to ask their women to have a bath
before visiting the Kothi(bungalows of the landlords),
in order to spend their night there. 
• . the upper-caste landlords used to visit the houses of
backward, Scheduled caste and Scheduled Tribes
demanding one seer of milk from each household.

• If they were unable to fulfill the demand of the landlords,

the same amount of milk was to be supplied from the
lactating women folks of the backward, Scheduled caste
and Scheduled Tribes.

• The reporting from Jahanabad district in Bihar reveals

that Rajput and Bhumihars landlords in this region
found it stimulating to rape the backward and
schedule caste (Dalit)/Scheduled Tribes women in
their own homes, in the presence of their menfolks.
• Some of these landlords would made the
backward and schedule caste (Dalit)/Scheduled
Tribes men lie below the cot, when they rape
their wives and any noise and resistance from the
former would provoke the landlord to shoot
them.

• They were not allowed to wear slippers in front

of the landlords and their daughters were forced
to visit the house of the landlords, night before
their marriage.
• The question of 'enhancement of wages' also brought violent
reaction leading to killings of the backward, scheduled caste
(Dalit) and Scheduled Tribes. It is opined that the state
apparatus also supported the Rajputs and the Bhumihars
(Upper Caste )in these clashes.

• Scheduled Caste or Dalit women alleged that when the lower

caste women rejected the landlord's proposal of sexual
contact, it was common for the landlords of the village to
falsely implicate the male members of their families and their
kin in criminal cases.
• The backward, Schedule Caste (Dalit) and Scheduled
Tribes men were often unable to save the dignity of
their women primarily due to power relation and
work situation in the rural areas.
• The pattern of sexual atrocities against the backward,
Schedule Caste (Dalit), Scheduled Tribes women
were often more than just rapes and sexual
misconducts.
• It was evident that the emergence of Naxalism in the
plains of Bihar took place due to one main factors.
• The question of Ijjat (honour) was one of them.
• According to , Gail Omvedt (Gail Omvedt was an American-
born Indian sociologist and human rights activist) in the
central districts of Bihar the prevalent feudalism and electoral
malpractices led a school teacher found the 'naxal movement of
Bihar'.

• The Bhojpur district became the birthplace of Naxalism in Bihar due

to various factors, most important being unequal distribution of the
land and the frequent rapes of the bacward and schedule caste
(Dalit) women by the landlords of the Rajput and
the Bhumihar castes (Upper castes).
• The founder of the movement was Jagdish Mahto. 

• In the north Bihar, the Upper Castes represented the class which
owned most of the land and other castes including
the Backwards and Schedule Castes/Scheduled Tribes represented
the land-scarce group.
• Ranvir Sena (formed in 1994 by the upper-caste Bhumihar
community),which were launched to take on the Naxalites, who
were encouraging the lower-caste means backward and
schedule caste (Dalit)/Schedulted Tribes to become vocal for
their rights, Ranvir Sena was the most dreaded one.

• The Ranbir Sena derived its identity and political support

from Bhumihars,  Rajputs and Brahims(Upper Caste).

• It was manned by the members of Rajput and the

Bhumihar(upper caste). 

• Brahmeshwar Singh one of the leader of Ranvir Sena. He

committed many massacres on backward and schedule caste
(Dalits)/Scheduled Tribes, out of which Laxmanpur Bathe
massacre is most notable.
 • An eyewitness account of one of the resident of the particular
village, collected by a visiting team of Human Rights Watch explains
the killing pattern of the Ranvir Sena members and atrocities they
committed against the lower caste women and girls.

• On the other hand, the Ranvir Sena would not spare even children
and women during their attacks. In an interview,Ranvir Sena chief
Brahmeshwar Singh said that his party would kill every backward
and scheduled caste (Dalit) irrespective of age or gender because
they provided shelter to Maoist Communist Centre squads. Upon
being asked why the Ranvir Sena would not spare children and
women, he said that Hanuman (god) set the whole of Lanka (Sri
Lanka) afire, killing all demons including those in wombs.
• Surajmani Devi, a thirty two years old victim states:
• Everyone was shot in the chest. I also saw that the panties
were torn.
• One girl was Prabha. She was fifteen years old. She was
supposed to go to her husband's house two to three days
later. They also cut her breast and shot her in the chest.
• Another was Manmatiya, also fifteen. They raped her and cut
off her breast. The girls were all naked, and their panties were
ripped. They also shot them in the vagina. There were five
girls in all. All five were raped. All were fifteen or younger. All
their breasts were cut off.
• The tactics followed by Ranvir Sena members to
terrorise the lower caste villagers included rapes,
looting of villages and massacres.

• The raising of voice against the rapes of backward

and schedule caste (Dalit)/Scheduled Tribes women
and girls also brought retaliation from the Ranvir
Sena members in some cases.
• As for example in 1997, three schedule caste (Dalit)
youths were gunned down for protesting against the
rape of a schedule caste (Dalit) girl by the upper-
caste youths.
• The hobnobbing between the state administration,
particularly the police force and Ranvir Sena members.
• Many Naxalites were killed in police encounters while Ranvir
Sena members were never subjected to confrontation with
the police force.
• In districts of central Bihar, particularly the Bhojpur district,
the police force has traditionally been dominated by the
upper-caste Rajputs and Bhumihars, and in Bhojpur, "caste
ties" has remained an important factor in the police force.
• Human rights activists hence argued that the collusion
between Ranvir Sena and police officials have resulted in
extrajudicial killings of Naxalites as well, apart from the large
scale massacres perpetrated by the Ranbir Sena member
• Ranvir Sena also enjoyed considerable political patronage with the chief
Brahmeswar Singh himself being an activist of Bhartiya Janata Party.
• The Sena was also said to be dominated by the leaders of various political
parties which included Indian National Congress and Janata Party.
• It was also alleged that Ranvir Sena received arms and ammunition from
some of the former members of Central Reserve Police Force.
• According to reports from People Union For Democratic
Right and Human Rights Watch, the politicians from Ara district often
used the Ranvir Sena during election campaigns to gain votes in their
favour, as the "booth capturing" (forcibly capturing the votes of people in
the favour of a particular candidate) and manipulation of elections were
common phenomenon in the elections. Further, the prosecution of the
members of Ranvir Sena were negligible and its members were frequently
given bails after being arrested on various charges. In contrast, the
members of left-wing extremist groups when held were often given death
sentences.
 Bhojpur Movement
• Bhojpur uprising refers to the class conflict manifested in
armed uprising of the 1970s, that took place in the various
villages of the Bhojpur district of Bihar. These clashes were
part of the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency in the state, which
mobilised the agricultural labourers and the poor peasants
against the landlords, primarily belonging to upper-castes.
• In Bhojpur, most of the landlords were from the upper-caste;
they were Rajput, Bhumihar, Brahmin and Kayastha. The
agricultural labourers belong to the Schedule Caste or
the Backward Castes.
 • Majority of landowners here belonged to
Bhumihar, Rajput and Brahmin caste; there were
250 houses in all, belonging to this particular
caste, who were the prominent landholders of the
region. They not only enjoyed high economic
status, but also controlled the local power politics.
• Some of these landholders argued that they're
not Zamindars, but were the ryots of Raja
of Benaras before independence and the largest
landholding, they had, was also below 100 bighas
of land.
• The question of economic exploitation was not the only cause
behind the confrontation between the labourers and the
landlords. According to author Kalyan Mukherjee, the case of
Bhojpur, among other militant uprisings of the agricultural
labourers and peasants, was different and was driven
primarily by two factors. The activism here was driven by the
concern for Ijjat (honour).

• In the decades prior to emergence of militancy, the lower

caste women were often subjected to rampant sexual tyranny
of the upper-caste landlords. The lower-caste men were de
humanised, and even sitting in front of the landlord and
wearing a clean dhoti was considered as a challenge to latter's
authority. They [landlords] also condemned the spread of
education among the lower-castes.
• The link of Rajput and Bhumihar landlords with state apparatus and the
access to means of production along with their capitalistic drive for profit
maximisation paved the way for exploitation of the backward and
schedule caste (Dalit)/Scheduled Tribes landless labourers.

• The backward caste, schedule caste (Dalits)/Scheduled Tribes, hence,

suffered denial of basic human dignity; they were given extremely
low wages, and their women folks were subjected to periodic sexual
tyranny from the upper-castes. 

• Author Arun Sinha believes the contemporary landlords of the Ekwari to

be invincible on the ground of higher position in the bureaucracy of their
kinsmen, political power possessed by them, and ownership of hundreds
of weapons.

• They also employed majority of the population of village as their

agricultural labourers and enjoyed the benefits of productivity of the
agricultural tracts in the adjoining region of Sone Canal.
Massacres in Bihar
 Current Time Period
• Girls rape
• Recent Delhi car incident where a BJP member
involve.
 Srikakulam Movement
• The year trouble broke out in Srikakulam was the
same as that of Naxalbari. On 31 October 1967, at a
place called Levidi in the Parvatipuram agency area
of the Srikakulam district, situated on the north-
eastern tip of Andhra Pradesh, two peasants were
shot dead by the goons of a landlord.
• Spread over 300 square miles, the area is inhabited by the Savaras,
who live on the hill slopes and are popularly known as Girijans—
hill (Scheduled Tribes) people.
• As is the case with most of the Scheduled Tribal communities, the
life of the Girijans too revolved around the jungle. They would eat
whatever grew in the forest and also grow some crops through the
method of shifting cultivation.
• But over the years, the Girijans (Scheduled Tribes) had been
trapped by moneylenders and were now absolutely in their grip. It
so happened that the newly-implemented national forest law had
made it difficult for the tribal communities to sustain themselves
through forest produce.
• The forest officials made life hell for them by not allowing them to
even cut a branch from a tree. Since British times any transfer of
land in tribal areas could happen between tribals only.
• But in independent India, the rich landlords and
money lenders, who had influence among the
political class, had managed to fleece the poor
tribal's and usurp large tracts of their land.
• Unlike Naxalbari, it was in Srikakulam that the rebel
guerillas could manage to create liberated zones
known as Red territory. Under the leadership of
Satyam and Kailasam, the Girijans organised
themselves into armed squads and undertook a
number of class annihilation actions.
• Many bright students studying medicine and
engineering in various universities of Andhra Pradesh
joined the rebel movement.
• The death blow to the Srikakulam movement was
finally dealt on 10July 1970 when the police killed
both Satyam and Kailasam in an encounter.
• In the Andhra state assembly, some leaders hailed it
as Diwali, the slaying of demons by Rama.
• Afterwards, the movement just faded away. But
while the Naxalbari movement had shown what
arming peasants could achieve, the events in
Srikakulam paved the way for what could be
achieved through guerilla warfare.
• The first shock to the feudal landlords was administered by a
Schedule Caste (Dalit) labourer, Lakshmi Rajam.
• In Andhra, around the time of Dussehra, it was a ritual that a play
called Dakamma be performed in the area where the landlords
lived.
• In the village the segregation was complete. Wealthy Velama
landlords stayed in the village while the Scheduled Caste (Dalits)
stayed around the periphery so that they would have no contact
with the landlords most of the time.
• Buoyed by the stories of revolution, Rajam organised this play in the
Schedule Caste (Dalit) area in 1977. It was around this time that the
Schedule Caste (Dalits) and other landless people began to assert
themselves and took over tracts of government land either illegally
occupied by the landlords or just left unexploited.
• The first Schedule Caste (Dalit) to occupy such land was a man called
Poshetty. Both Lakshmi Rajam and Poshetty were killed by the angry
landlords.
• The Maoist leadership decided to concentrate on the
wage issues of agricultural labourers, the abolition of
free labour which the landlords forced the Schedule
Caste (Dalits) to do, and taking possession of land.
Agricultural labourers called various strikes.
 Dandakaranya
• In the entire Dandakaranya forest area, comprising
Bastar, the Gadchiroli region in Maharashtra, and in
North Telangana, the condition of the Scheduled
Tribes (tribals) was pathetic.
• They were exploited badly by contractors, forest
officials and other government servants. Those who
collected bamboo sticks (for paper production) and
tendu leaf (used in making beedi) were paid a
pittance for their hard labour.
• For a bundle of 100 tendu leaves an Adivasi would be
paid fivepaise. Similarly, one rupee would be paid for
120 sticks of bamboo.
• The sexual exploitation of Scheduled Tribes Adivasi
(Tribal) women was rampant. In Gadchiroli's Alapalli
village, for example, one tehsildar (government
official) would just walk into a girl's school, select a
girl at his will, drag her into an empty classroom and
rape her.
• The mahua flowers and the tamarind collected
through out Dandakaranya is of premium quality. The
Scheduled Tribes Adivasis(tribals) people use mahua
for making alcohol and as a food item as well.
• The businessmen to whom they would sell it used it
for extracting oil, making soap and for other
purposes.
• For a kilo of tamarind a Scheduled Tribes
Adivasis(tribals) was paid less than a rupee.
• The same was sold in the international markets for
400 rupees.
• Hundreds of thousands of a Scheduled Tribes
Adivasis(tribals) continued to live in the Dark Ages.
• From these jungles, the then Madhya Pradesh
government alone earned a revenue of 250 crore
rupees annually.
• A number of businessmen and traders had bribed
their way into buying large tracts of government land
and turned it into agricultural farms.
• There, they employed the land less a Scheduled
Tribes Adivasis (tribals) as laborers, paying them a
pittance for their labour.
• Rajeshwari, a coal-mine worker's wife was raped by a
mine officer, and later died in hospital. It was Shankar
who initiated a massive agitation against the rape
incident and is believed to have led a violent protest
against the accused officer, in which his house was
damaged.
• To quell the protestors, the police opened fire, killing
two persons.
 Urban Areas
• Maoists regard the urban movement as very important since
they believe that revolution will occur only when cities are finally taken
over.

• Also, it is from urban areas that the Maoists hope to draw their
leaders, and it is here that they plan to shift some of the senior leaders in
the wake of sustained military operations in their strongholds like Bastar.

• Participating in such agitations is a part of the urban agenda of the CPI

(Maoist).
• The Maoists have been active in the
anti-dam agitation in Polavaram in Andhra Pradesh. In March 2010,
senior Maoist leader Venkateshwar Reddy alias Telugu Deepak was
arrested from West Bengal in Haripur where a resistance movement had
been building up against the proposed construction of a nuclear reactor.
• Similarly, in recent years, police have arrested other alleged Maoist
sympathisers from Delhi who, the police claim, have been trying to
influence jobless labourers and other displaced people in the city.
• We should not forget the dialectical
relationship between the development of the urban movement and the
development of the people's war. In the absence of a strong revolutionary
urban movement, the people's war will face difficulties.‘
• However, we should not belittle the
importance of the fact that the urban areas are the strong centres of the
enemy.
• intensify the class struggle in urban areas and mobilise the support of
millions of urban masses for the people's war.'
• According to the document, India's
liberalisation policies mean that
investment is not regulated and only goes to
the areas promising the
greatest profits. Such areas identified by the
Maoist leadership are:
• The document says that with closures of industries and the
accompanying loss of jobs, many workers are forced to take
up casual
work or earn on their own through hawking their wares,
plying rickshaws,
operating roadside thelas. It points out that at the same time
new youth
entering the work force do not get regular jobs and that the
unemployment rate is the highest in the 15 to 24 age group.
• 'In the liberalisation-globalisation period, however, the ruling classes in
most major cities aspiring to make them "global cities" have in a
coordinated and planned manner launched numerous measures to push
the poor out of the core of the cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad,
Bangalore, Chennai. These measures extend from the old measures of
slum demolition and hawker eviction to new forms like closure of
polluting factories, banning of protests in central areas, regulations
encouraging concentration of development in the richer zones,' says the
document.
• The document also states that caste violence and caste riots are more
numerous, with some towns and cities repeatedly witnessing attacks on
Dalits. Such upper-caste violence, it says, has further sharpened the
division of many towns by forcing all Dalits to live in separate areas to
better organise their self-defence. The Maoists are believed to have
taken
part in the Khairlanji agitation of 2006 against the lynching of four
members of a Dalit family. Some of these protests had turned violent
with
Maoists at one time even threatening to kill the people behind the
killings.
• The document also takes into account the plight of Muslims in India.
'Our party in the urban areas has to seriously take the ghettoisation
process into account in all plans. Sharp ghettoisation leads to lack of jobs
fo
r Muslims and pushes larger sections of them into semi-proletariat.
Thus merely organising within industry will not enable us to enter this
oppressed community. Unless we base ourselves in the middle of the
ghetto, we will not be able to gain entry into organising the community
(sic),' the document advises the Maoist cadre.
• The Maoist leadership also lays emphasis on
forming cover mass
organisations which may not disclose their link with
the party. An example
it specifies is the case of unorganised workers
where the established trade
unions have a limited presence and the party has no
option but to set up
its own trade union organisation.
• The Maoist cadres are also advised to form legal democratic
organisations such as those catering to a particular section like students,
lawyers, teachers and cultural bodies. It says that other groups may be
fo
rmed with issue-oriented programmes focusing on core questions like
communalism, violence against women, corruption, regional
backwardness and statehood, etc. 'It is necessary that the party in the
urban areas should give considerable importance to the task of
participating in and building up a strong and broad legal democratic
movement,' it says.
 Attrocities
• Labour
• Gender
• caste
Reasons/Party Politics
 Farmers' Protest
• Linkages with Mao politics
 Climate Change
• Linkages with Mao politics or contemporary
China.
Important Facts about China-India relations