Building eco-civilization for

modernization with coexistence of

human and nature

Liu Jinlong
Table of Content

 Development theory
 Intervention to development
 Take forest region as a case
 Rural issues in China - Challenges
 Potential solution
 Ecological Civilization Reform towards to
modernization of human-nature
coexistence
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What is development?
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Development goals

development process
initial development
situation goal

development strategy
(means to promote change towards the goal)
Economic growth

 Strategy: increase production &

consumption
 employment & standard of living
 macro-economic balances
 structural adjustment
 increased foreign-exchange earnings

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Increased welfare & human
development
 Strategy: increased income only a means
to improve welfare:
 health
 education
 access to resources

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Modernisation

 Strategy: get rid of tradition and seek

similarity with the ‘West’
 division of labour & specialisation
 high productivity
 self-sustaining economic growth
 well-functioning state apparatus
 democratic form of government
 equality before the law

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Elimination of dependency

Strategy: gaining real national

independence
more equal distribution of benefits
(socialism )

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Capacity development

 Strategy: no ‘copying’ of the ‘West’

 ‘people first’
 popular participation
 empowerment
 self-organization of the poor

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Sustainable development

 Strategy: include ecological dimensions

in development
 consider impact of growth on physical
environment
 attention to human needs
 consumption within limits of ecological
feasibility

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Development and security

 Strategy: use resources on economic and

social improvements, not arms
 human security
 safety from hunger & repression
 focus on human rights (women, religious
minorities, ‘Fourth World’)

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The development ‘project’

 universal meaning

 competing models

 national framework for growth

 international aid framework

 industrialization agro-industrialization

 state stimulates investment for industrial

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The globalization ‘project’

 market-based strategies

 management markets by G-8/G-20

 rules by WB, IMF, WTO, UN

 central actors: Banks

 counter-movements against market rule

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Development – mainstream theory
 GDP = Development (Mid 1940’s – 1960’)
 Industrialization
 Modernization of farming
 GDP + job = Development (1960s’-1970s’)
 GDP + equity = Development (60s’ – 80s’)
 ? (80s’)
 Sustainable Development (UN + EC)
 Inclusive society [UK(multi culture), Basil (anti
poverty), Guatemala (Socialism), Islands
nations (Environments)
 Balance (Obama) + harmonization (China)
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 Development = Explanatory theory
Why forest areas are poor?
 Geographical determination theory-Micro level
 (why Shenzhen can be developed in the past 30
years?)
 Transition cost theory
 Population density – scarcity of resource –
innovation of institutional arrangement (fair trade,
new occupation, social norms) and economic
activities (industrialization)
 路径依赖理论 – between marco and micro
 Rich resources – bob economy – over exploitation

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Continuing
 Human resources theory
 Poor education, poor health care
 Exclusive theory
 Marginalization by development process (green
technology – plain area, large farmer; poor
communication and information access)
 Nature of Culture – Marco level
 Why Industrial revolution could not be initiated in
China – Lin Yifu
 Historical process – the Minority, indigenous
people

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Continuing – no matter to forests
 Migration of development ( 漂移学说）
 Fusion of cultures
 (traditions + westerns), (Asian + Europeans),
(Muslims + Christians)
 Innovation (sciences and technology)
 Globalization
 Privatization (robust property rights)
 Freedom + Democracy (USA)
 Governance (EC)
 Happiness or wealthy of people

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Development’s main actors

 the State

}
 multilateral institutions
State

 business

 grassroots actors } Market

 NGO’s } Civil Society

Competing theories of development
development theory
(hypotheses about promoting and obstructing conditions)

development process
initial development
situation goal

development strategy
(means to promote change towards the
goal)
 A cartography of development:
forerunners
NORMATIVE ASPECT OF DEVELOPMENT THEORY
STATE CIVIL SOCIETY MARKET

Phase 1 Relative backwardness and catching Marx, proto-socialists and Classical political economy
1760 – 1890 up European populists
(first Industrial Laissez-faire, division of labour,
Revolutions) Protectionism, forced savings (Meiji Artisanal production, small-scale comparative advantage (Smith,
Reforms, List and Bismarck) cooperatives, collective control Ricardo, Malthus)
(Owen, Proudhon)

Phase 2 Soviet socialism Keynesianism Neo-Marxist theory Neo-classical economics

1890 – 1945
(classical Nationalization, State role in crisis Autonomy of civil society, solidarity, Harmony and just returns,
imperialism) central planning, regulation through pluralistic rights (Gramsci, Arendt) general equilibrium models
collectivization, fiscal and (Marshall, Austrian School,
(Lenin, Stalin) monetary policy Neo-populism Schumpeter)
(Keynes, Russian populists, Gandhism
Gerschenkron) (Chayanov, Gandhi)
 A cartography of development:STATE CIVIL SOCIETY MARKET

Phase 3
1945-2000 Third World
socialism and
Development
economics &
Development
populism
Weberian
modernization
Neo-classical
economic
Modernization
theory
1945 – 1980 dependency growth with equity development
(Growth to crisis)
Delinking, basic ISI, protection, “Small is Rationality, Pluralist state Stages of
needs, central linkages (Lewis, beautiful”, calculability, theory, growth,
planning (Mao, Ho Myrdal, ECLA), informal sector, modernity, agriculture and diffusion,
Chi Minh, Nehru) redistributive appropriate capacity (Elias, innovation, aid savings
strategies, basic technology, Ong, Buttel) and trade (Rostow,
needs African socialism (Bauer, Chenery,
(Nyerere, Lipton, Schulz, Hoselitz)
Mellor) Ruttan)

Phase 4 Developmental New growth New The public Neo-liberal counter-

1980 – 2000 state theory institutional sphere revolution
(crisis, economics
stabilization,
adjustment) Neo-Weberian state Endogenous Transaction Local knowledge, Price distortions, rent-seeking,
capacity, government costs, imperfect social market strategies, trade theory
embeddedness behaviour, information movements, (Kreuger, Lal, Little, Bauer)
(Wade, Chalmers, collective action (Stiglitz, NGO’s, feminism
Johnson, Evans) theory, multiple Williamson) (Escobar, Shiva,
equilibria (Bates, Laclau,
Krugman) Habermas)
Key points for poverty reduction (as
key priority for development)
 Targeting Approach
 Area approach – marginalization groups –
individuals who are the poor and are major
stakeholders for forest management

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Continuing
 Means for intervention – materials
 Human power – volunteers
 Materials for Production (machines, pesticide,
fertilizers, seeds or seedlings)
 With piloting new production techniques
 Materials for making living
 Foods, fuel, drinking water – disaster relief.
 Materials for public services
 Infrastructure, health care, peace keeping.

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Continuing
 Means for interventions – knowledge
 Technique transfer (back to early 1950s’)

 social transformation (de facto)

 Governance and (1990s’) – started to accept by

Chinese government, however few understand
its back up theory. – innovation of social norms

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 Local people
Known Not Known

Known
Outsider

Not Known
Means for intervention – Knowledge
– technical assist projects

 Workshop;
 Joint research;
 Consultancy;
 Equipments;

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Development aid – arena of
superpowers (job opportunity, capacity building – no
meaning to APFNet – Nepal projects)

FA sometimes,
Generating WB, ADB, KfW, etc. usually
production TA + FA (in most undertaking by
knowledge, cases) with TA for private agencies
management generating desired with market
knowledge. knowledges instruments

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Social exclusion in China
 Due system – rural and urban has been
separated – China has modern urban as
like European and USA, but has poor rural
as like in poor African countries.
 Unbalance among regions – poor western
China and rich coast regions. (per capital
GDP, Guizhou province is about 13% of
Shanghai.

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Environmental crisis
 Pollution by farming and industry –
polluted air, water course, and soil.
 Leading to high risk of human health
 Needs to better environment increased
rapidly by the public

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Economic issues
 Privatization and Capitalization of
resource, and public goods
 Farming land
 State owned enterprises (local government)
 Health care and education
 Real estate
 Farm land and Forest land
 China is at crossroad to Money or
Happiness

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Culture

 Oriented culture – what is meaning?

 Western culture – freedom, individualism
 Combining culture – no such good case
as seen in USA and Australia (China town
or hybrid culture town)

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Rural issues
 Left behind Children, elders and women in
the rural region – silent village and
crowded city
 Traditional livelihood – lost of ethnical
spirit, culture and meaning of life (for
instance collective action, family and
clan).
 Community is on the way to be
dismantled.

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Governmental revenue

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Local government revenue from land
selling

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Farming or agriculture
 Small scale farmers under pressure
 Supply chain complex. No connection
between food producer and food
consumer – leading to serious food safety
problem – dominated by supermarket,
which replaced to local food market.
 Farming pollution – too much fertilizer
and machinery, and pesticide.

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Food supply chain

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Farmers
 Questions to who will be next generation
of famers, only few percentage of rural
population between aging of 20-29 are
willing to do farming as their job, and
actually much less then 3% are doing
farming now.
 Traditional farming knowledge and skill
are losing rapidly.

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Per Capita GDP (US$)

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Gap between rural and urban

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Potential action
 Integration of development of rural and
urban. But unfortunately, urban needs
lands from rural for further expansion and
luxury life of rich people from the urban.
 Inclusive social security system. Health
care, Unemployment insurance, and
pension of the “retired” farmers.
 Community supported agriculture.

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China government action to Rural
area
 Subsidy to farming and farmers
 Urbanization to reduce population of rural
regions
 Farmers’ organization are an approach for
holistic and vertical integration
 Subsidy to machinery to improve
efficiency of farming
 Improving transferability of rural lands to
enlarge the scale of farming.

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 Thanks ！

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