Professor Hui Yan, Ph.D.

/ November 9th, 2022

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 Social inclusion is the process by which efforts are made to ensure equal
opportunities – that everyone, regardless of their background, can achieve
their full potential in life. Such efforts include policies and actions that
promote equal access to (public) services as well as enable citizen’s
participation in the decision-making processes that affect their lives.
--Department of Economic and Social Affairs Poverty, United Nations

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I. Have you got equal access to computer and the Internet?
II. Can you get equal opportunity to use mobile internet?
III. Do the disabled have equal chances to know and use AI devices?
IV. Could the marginalized population own equal chances to digital
application in pandemic?
V. Is there sufficient policy empowering the disadvantaged in the digital age?

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 0. Field studies in China
1. Problems with digital divide
2. Definition of digital inequality
3. Dimensions of digital inequality
4. Digital poverty
5. Social inclusion in digital age
6. Algorithm Bias

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 1. Widely used by anthropologist;

2. Whenever we observe or participate in social

behavior and try to understand it;

3. Seldom approach your task with precisely

defined hypotheses to be tested;

4. Make sense out of an ongoing process that

cannot be predicted

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 Action research emphasizes that scholars
participate in the social practice of sample
population and help them achieve some higher goals
while collecting data

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 2013 2016

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 Hsiao Tung Fei says:

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YUQUNWENG HUIZU TOWNSHIP, YILI

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BAZHONG, SICHUAN

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ZHANGJIAKOU, HEBEI

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✓ Emphasizing too much on technology access and usage;
✓ Tending to market information and communication technologies, ignoring the social
issues;
✓ Believing that “Being lack of ICTs means shortage of life opportunities”
✓ The similar data proposes different policy implications.

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Digital social stratification refers to the new social class structure in digital
society, which takes form of digital inequality

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 ✓ Intentions and motivations
✓ Interests
✓ Attitudes

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 ✓ Ownership
✓ Access status

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Source: http://www.haijiangzx.com/2018/0808/1987457.shtml?from=groupmessage
✓ Autonomy of usage
✓ Places, time, activities of ICT usage

✓ Using experiences
✓ Increasing in using rate
✓ User number, using degree, using rate

✓ Important activities
✓ Improving life, increasing types of capital

✓ Benefits of usage
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Source:
https://kuaibao.qq.com/s/20200928A0AM2X00
✓ Inequality of cultural capital
✓ Inequality of social capital
✓ Inequality of economic capital
✓ Inequality of political capital
✓ Inequality of organization capital
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✓ Cultural expressions in the socialization process
✓ Play computer (玩电脑)
✓ Type on the computer (打电脑)
✓ Play games (打游戏)

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✓ Technical help
✓ Emotional support and encouragement
✓ Common experiences
✓ Social networking resources

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Super Marie
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✓ Sharing degree of technological progress
✓ Capability of paying for and maintaining Internet access

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YanHui@RUC, Fall 2022 Source: 2022/11/9 62

https://dy.163.com/article/FC6VOI7S0517P0DD.html
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Source:
https://blog.sprinklebit.com/mobile-phones-unexpected-tool-fight-illiteracy/
✓ Attitudes and experiences on participating Internet politics
✓ Accessible ICT resources to participate in online political issues

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✓ Opportunities by organizational reform
✓ ICT service organizations
✓ Community Technology Center
✓ Library / Public library

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✓ GINI index
✓ Internet Connectedness Index

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• Poverty in digital society
• Digitalized poverty
• Poor conditions in digitalization.

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• Insufficient/poor conditions of individuals in digitalization.

Social support in 2017

Social interaction in 2019

Standpoints on digital tools.

Stereotype of digitalization.
Old rules of thinking on fashionable phenomena.

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• No access to digital tools.
• No ownership of ICTs.
• Rare access space.
• Low degree of autonomous usage of digital tools.
• No condition to upgrade hardware and software.
• No sufficient physiological condition.
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• No infrastructure of wired Internet.
• No broadband connecting service.
• No WIFI service.
• Low or modest connecting speed.
• No available H&S upgrading service.

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• Little or no consciousness on digital phenomena.
• No or insufficient motivation to be digital.
• No willing to be digital.
• No obvious demands of digital tools.
• No confidence in their ICT usage
• Resistance to be digital.
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• No/Little understanding of literacy required in digital
tasks.
• Inadequate skills to manipulate digital tools.
• Lacking of abilities to mobilize related resources to
finish digitalization process, such as access to tools,
social support, cultural preparations and political
resources.

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• Negative/No clear attitudes towards the digitalization.
• Failure experiences in digital tools.
• No/little time invested in digitalization.
• Low degree of energy dedication.

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• Standpoints on digital tools.
• Stereotype of digitalization.
• Old rules of thinking on fashionable phenomena.

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• No or few instrumental support.
• Insufficient expressive support.
• Homogeneity of social network.
• Vicious spiral of poverty in digital society.

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• No / limited impacts of digital tools and digital practice on:
• Study/teaching
• Job/money-making
• Entertainment or time-consuming activities.

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• Key features
• No digital tool ownership or access.
• No connecting service.
• Fair social support, psychological
preparations.
• Few efforts.
• Modest abilities.
• Seldom impacts on real life.
• Case: Hongda Village, Gansu
• Scrapbook couple

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• Key features
• No psychological preparation.
• No ability/literacy
• Fair digital tool ownership or access,
connecting service.
• Few social support.
• Low efforts.
• No impact on real life.
• Case: MifengVillage, Anhui
• The retired accountant, MrWu, whose son and grandson are digital experts.

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• Key features
• No psychological preparation.
• Some degree of skills
• Fair digital tool ownership or access,
connecting service.
• Limited social support.
• Many efforts.
• No impact on real life.
• Case: LiyeTown, Hunan
• The 75-years-old senior who described himself as a falling tree.

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• Key features
• No digital effort.
• Few psychological preparations.
• Limited skills and social support.
• Fair digital tool ownership or access,
connecting service.
• No impact on real life.
• Case: Tuhe Village, Tianjin
• The middle-aged lady, who is a mahjang fan, hated the running mouse on the computer screen and
was interrupted by the boring activities.
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• Key features
• No social support.
• Some psychological preparations.
• Modest skills.
• Fair digital tool ownership or access,
connecting service.
• Few impacts on real life.
• Case:Yipin Town, Chongqing
• The young guy living in city compared himself with those who grew up in villages and their
challenges confronting with computers.

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• Key features
• No impact on real life.
• Lots of digital efforts.
• Some psychological preparations.
• Strong skills and social support.
• Enough digital tool ownership or access,
connecting service.
• Case: WaijiaoVillage, Guizhou

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• Key features
• Strictly constrained by social norms.
• Seldom digital efforts.
• No psychological preparation.
• Low skills and social support.
• Some digital tool ownership or access,
connecting service.
• Case: Tuhe Village, Tianjin
• The middle-aged mother, who complained that “Some (online) chats lead to the break of
marriage”, refused to learn social media software.
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• Key features
• No digital tool ownership or access,
connecting service.
• No psychological preparation.
• No digital ability.
• No digital effort.
• No positive norm.
• No social support.
• No impact on real life.
• Case: Dingshu, Guizhou
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 2013 2016

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 物质… 物质… 物质… 物质…
6 6 6 6
影响 4 服务 影响 4 服务 影响 4 服务 影响 4 服务
2 2 2 2
社会… 0 心理 社会… 0 心理 社会… 0 心理 社会… 0 心理

社会… 能力 社会… 能力 社会… 能力 社会… 能力

努力 努力 努力 努力

Material Illiterate Psychologically vulnerable Lonely

物质… 物质… 物质… 物质…
6 6 6 1
影响 4 服务 影响 4 服务 影响 4 服务 影响 服务
0.5
2 2 2
社会… 0 心理 社会… 0 心理 社会… 0 心理 社会… 0 心理

社会… 能力 社会… 能力 社会… 能力 社会… 能力

努力 努力 努力 努力

Indolent Resister Daylight-burning Nothing

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 物质… 物质… 物质… 物质…
5 5 6 6
影响 3 服务 影响 3 服务 影响 4 服务 影响 4 服务
1 1 2 2
社会… -1 心理 社会… -1 心理 社会… 0 心理 社会… 0 心理

社会… 能力 社会… 能力 社会… 能力 社会… 能力

努力 努力 努力 努力

Warm-hearted Imperceptible adopters Passive adopters Lonely

Help giving
Social
interaction Externality
Helped Voluntary
Internality
Compulsory

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Digital inclusion is a relatively new concept that attempts to address issues related to
digital literacy and access to ICT. The Institute of Museum and Library Services defines
digital inclusion as “the ability of individuals and groups to access and use information
and communications technologies.”

Source: https://www.boia.org/blog/what-is-digital-inclusion

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A framework of technology for social inclusion allows us to re-orient the focus from that
of gaps to be overcome by provision of equipment to that of social development to be
enhanced through the effective integration of ICT into communities and institutions. This
kind of integration can only be achieved by attention to the wide range of physical, digital,
human, and social resources that meaningful access to ICT entails. (Warschauer, 2003: 14)

Source: Warschauer, M. (2003) Technology and Social Inclusion:

Rethinking the Digital Divide. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

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YanHui@RUC, Fall 2022 Source: Khorshed Alam, Sophia Imran.The digital divide and social 2022/11/9 94

inclusion among refugee migrants A case in regional Australia. Information

Technology & People Vol. 28 No. 2, 2015 pp. 344-365
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In the VILLAGE:

I. Young adults are included digitally by their peers. (bonding social capital)
II. The middle aged are bridged by their friends and after-sales personnel. (bridging &
bonding social capital)
III. The seniors could be assisted by their grandchildren. (bonding social capital)

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For the MINORITIES:

I. Working community: colleagues (bridging social capital)

II. Housewives: children and husbands (bonding social capital)

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 In the FAMILIES:

I. Elderly at home: grandchildren or children (bonding social capital)

II. Left behind family members: urban and rural floating population (bonding social capital)

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For the VISUALLY IMPAIRED:

I. The similar visually impaired groups (bonding social capital)

II. Family members (bonding social capital)

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For the SENIORS:

I. Grandchildren (bonding social capital)

II. Volunteering from universities (bridging social capital)

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 Needs
Social security

External activities Infrastructure

Digital consumption
Information encountering Externality

Digital efforts

Digital psychology Digital interaction

Digital ability including social support

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 I. Physical conditions (access and ownership of ICTs)
II. Literacy (technology skills, information literacy)
III. Psychological support (confidence, interest, motivations, attitudes)
IV. Efforts (using time, experiences)
V. Impacts (practical changes)
VI. Social interaction (help-seekers and help-givers, imperceptible influence)

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Algorithmic bias describes systematic and repeatable errors in a computer system that
create unfair outcomes, such as privileging one arbitrary group of users over others. Also,
occurs when an algorithm produces results that are systemically prejudiced due to
erroneous assumptions in the machine learning process.

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 I. understanding bias
II. dataset bias
III. technical bias
a. associations bias
b. confirmation bias
IV. practical bias

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 18618449209
HYANPKU@RUC.EDU.CN

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