CHAPTER 3 Development in Food Industry

Lecture # 7

INTRODUCTION TO FOOD SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY

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 Road Map
• Food Preservation In The Ancient Times
• Laying Scientific Foundations Of Food Preservation
• Developments In Other Techniques
• Cold Storage And Freezing Technology
• Drying and Dehydration
• Flour Milling
• Dairy Industry
• Irradiation

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 Developments in Other Techniques

Cold Storage and Freezing Technology

• Cold storage and freezing - among oldest food preservation techniques
• Chilling and ice storage known to Chinese since 800 BC

• Romans built cold storage warehouses and supplied refrigerated foods as luxury items
• Freezing food in mountains and near the Arctic Circle
• Vikings and Scandinavians preserved game and fish on ice
• In mid 1800 ice-salt mixture found to freeze foods more efficiently than plain ice

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 Conti…

Cold storage

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 Conti….

• Mechanical refrigeration system invented in late 19th century

• Provided basis for commercialization of freezing as food preservation
technique
• Clarence Birdseye (USA) revolutionized freezing industry by inventing and
developing quick freezing process and equipment in 1929
• Home refrigerator manufactured in 1913
• Fridge with a separate freezer compartment appeared in 1939

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Mechanical refrigeration system

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Drying and Dehydration

Dehydration equipment
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Freeze-drying

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 Flour Milling

• Cereals contribute about half of all food produced worldwide

• Wheat mainstay of temperate climate

• Flour milling passed through numerous stages from pounding, grinding between stones to
the use of pestle and mortar followed by roller mills
• Flour milling first food industry to be modernised

• Development of Ramelli's hand mill in 1588 for grinding grains to produce flour,
revolutinized this industry
• By 1849, roller mills employed in Hungary

• Old stone mills (chakki), driven by animal power or water, still visible in rural areas in
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Pakistan
 Conti.….

Flour Milling

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 Dairy Industry
• Process for producing evaporated milk patented in 1835

• Gale Borden in 1853 improved it by use of vacuum for the removel of moisture
• He initiated first process for condensing milk and sealing it hermetically in 1856
• In 1878 Dr. Gustaf de Laval invented continuous centrifugal cream separator in
Sweden
• Had a far-reaching effect on dairy industry

• Developments in refrigeration and pure culture techniques, a variety of better

quality dairy products started flooding the markets

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 Irradiation

• Artificially produced radiations like X-rays and radioactivity of natural materials

discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895 and Henri Bacquerel in 1896
• In the middle of the 20th century these were considered useful tools in food
processing
• Earliest patent on application of X-rays to prolong storage life of foods awarded
in France in 1930

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 Conti.….

X-rays spectrum

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 References

•Potter, N.N. and Hotchkiss, J.H. 2007. Food science. The AVI Pub. Co. Inc., Westport,
Connecticut, USA.
•Awan, J.A. 2005. Food science and technology. Unitech Communications, Faisalabad-
Pakistan.
•Awan, J.A. and Rehman, S.U. 2003. Food analysis manual. Unitech Communications,
Faisalabad.

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