PROCESS

PROCESSOF
OF EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION
 Learning Objectives:

✔Explain how populations of organisms have

changed and continue to change over time
showing patterns of descent with modification
from common ancestors to produce the
organismal diversity observed today.

✔Describe how the present system of

classification of organisms is based on
evolutionary relationships.
is a change in the genetic makeup
(and often, the heritable features)
of a population over time
1. Macroevolution
2. Microevolution
George-Louis Leclerc
(1707-1788)

• He hypothesized
that those
species changed
as time passed.
 • He thought that life is
not fixed, that when
the environment
changed , the
organisms in that
environment had to
change their behavior
to adapt to the
environment and
survive.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-
1829)
Charles Darwin

• He theorized that all

species descended
from a common
ancestor over time.

• On the Origin of
Species by means of
Natural Selection.
 • He states that Earth
was shaped by the
same processes
that are still in
operation today.

• Principles of
Geology

Charles Lyell (1797- 1875)

EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
 Natural Selection
• is the process through which populations
of living organisms adapt and change.

Survival of the Fittest

• struggle of every organism for its existence
is one of the key.
• An organism successfully survives and
becomes healthy in its environment ,
then it has more chance to reproduce.

ADAPTATION
• Refers to acquired traits
from the parent that
increases the chance of
survival of an organism
in an environment.
The theory of evolution by natural
selection requires three
conditions:
1.Variation
2.Differential Reproduction
3.Heredity
 Artificial Selection

• A process where people select which

organisms may be reproduced instead
of nature taking its course.
Directional Selection
• Is a mode of natural selection tat
extremely favors specific traits that
shifts allele frequency over time in the
direction of the favored traits.
Domesticated Breeds
• animals that have been selectively
bred and genetically adapted over
generations to live alongside humans.
Agricultural Selection
• genetics is the applied study of the
effects of genetic variation
and selection used to propagate
valuable heritable trait combinations in
crop plants and farm animals
Investigational Selection
• is an artificial selection which is a
result of an investigative process.
What I have learned so far?
1.How did Darwin formulate his theory of
evolution?
2.What is the difference between natural
selection and artificial selection?
3.Which is more advantageous: natural
selection or artificial selection?
 Fossil Records
• Traces of long dead animals
ERAS
1.Paleozoic
2.Mesozoic
3.Cenozoic
Plate Tectonics
Homologous Structures

• anatomically similar, different functions

• Divergent evolution = similar origins

• they are body parts of species that have

similar features, indicating a common
ancestor or same developmental origin.
Analogous Structures

• anatomically different, similar functions

• Convergent evolution

• are structures that are similar in unrelated

organisms. The structures are similar
because they evolved to do the same job,
not because they were inherited from a
common ancestor.
 Vestigial Structures

• features present in modern animals

that are no longer in use
• give hints as to the evolution of
organisms
Ex. human tailbone, whale pelvis,
appendix
 Phylogenetic Trees

• show the relationships among groups of

biological species based on their similarities
and differences in their physical or genetic
characteristics.
Relative Genomics

Genome
• Refers to the genetic materials of an
organism consisting of the DNA and
RNA.
• It can be likened to a manual in
building and maintaining an organism.