Review (Q1WW (FA)

➢ Theory that various types of animals and plants

have their origin in preexisting types.
➢Formulated his theory of evolution through natural
selection.
➢ Proposed the inheritance of acquired
characteristics.
➢ Study of the distribution of organisms.
➢ Describe as the survival of the fittest.
1
Direct and Indirect Evidence
of Evolution
 Direct evidence Indirect evidence
➢something that can ➢something that does not
be directly observed involve actual
or seen observation of evolution
➢ Fossils but from which may be
inferred
➢Genetics, comparative
anatomy, embryology,
biogeography
 Lamarck Darwin
Theory of Inheritance of Theory of Natural Selection
Acquired Characteristics
Lamarck and Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
➢ First biologist to believe that life forms evolve.
➢ He proposed that the driving force of evolution is the
inheritance of acquired characteristics, brought by the
environment.
Example: elongation of the giraffe’s neck over time.
➢ The idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics has
been proven incorrect. (Phenotypic changes acquired
during an organism’s lifetime have no effect and cannot
be passed on to succeeding generations).
Darwin and Natural Selection
➢He was only 22 years old when he first set sails aboard the
Beagle in 1831. (Beagle is a surveying ship around the world
and mapped the coast of South America).
➢ His voyage provided him the opportunity to gather the
evidence that would change the course of biology.
➢In Galapagos Islands, he observed how organisms were
geographically isolated on separate islands. He observed that
similar organisms showed distinct differences in body
structure and function from island to island.
• Darwin’s Finches
• The size and shape correlate with food types
 Darwin and Natural Selection
➢He concluded that variations among similar organisms
represent adaptations to different environmental
conditions.
Adaptation
A genetically trait based characteristic that makes an
organism better suited to its environment.
Examples: camels, cactuses and polar bears
Individuals with advantageous adaptations are more likely
to survive and reproduce than those individuals lacking the
ability to adapt.
Charles Darwin
➢He agreed with the essay of Thomas Malthus(Population
and food supply). Populations grow faster than their food
supply.
➢NO enough food - NO enough space for the members of
population
➢Organisms are forced into a struggle for existence.
➢ He stressed that living things descended from a common
ancestor. (Tree of Life / Evolutionary Tree)
Charles Darwin
➢Fitness
- refers to how well individuals with certain traits can
function in their specific environment.
- ability of the organism to survive, mate, and to
reproduce successfully.
-does not necessarily refer to the biggest, fastest or
strongest.
Principles
1. Many living things tend to produce more offspring
than the environment can support.
2. Lack of resources leads to increased competition
among organisms. (Struggle for existence)
3. All living things vary.
4. Organisms best adapted to the environment are
most likely to survive.
Mechanisms of Change
1. Mutation
heritable changes in the structure of chromosomes
or chemical make up of organsims.
2. Gene flow
The result of migrating individuals that breed in a new location.
3. Genetic drift
Any change in the allele frequencies in a population due to
random sampling.
Mutation
• A major source of genetic variation.
• It can change the genetic composition of a population.
Examples:
Some common mutations seen in fruit flies include wing
structure and eye color variations.
Mutant wings may be short or backward. Fruit flies are
known for their red eyes, although mutations cause
certain specimens to have golden or white eyes.
Mutations also sometimes result in eyeless flies.
Gene Flow
•Occurs when individuals migrate from one
population to another and interbreed with the
existing population
•An effective means of exchange of genes
between reproducing individuals.
Example: marriage between races
Genetic Drift
• Refers to changes in gene pool from
generation to generation due to chance alone.
•May happen to all populations
Large popuation has - slight effect compare
to small populations.
Genetic Drift
• Example
Natural calamaties can randomly wipe out
certain traits in the population. The survival of
the few is not because of their fitness but
purely due to chance. When only few survivors
are left to serve as the sole of a new
population, a phenomenon called the
bottleneck effect.
 Evolution Pick-up Lines

•I think i am the fittest, because i

survived them all just to be with
you.
Evolution Pick-up Lines
•
 Evolution
is forever.