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Introduction
Pathology
Pathology is defined as study of disease and their
causative agents.
Disease
Disease is due to the change in existing environment i.e.
something change from the normal metabolism or
activity of the animal.
Incidence of disease is due to the breakdown of the
delicate balance between host, pathogen and
environment (Snieszko, 1970)
Pathogen Types
Obligate pathogen
• Organism which will cause disease because of the mere
presence in the culture system
• This is mainly due to the interaction between animal and
environment.
Aeromonas salmoniclda
Opportunistic pathogen
• Organisms which will not cause diseases even if it is
present in the culture system until other stressors limit
the capacity of animal.
Eg. Vibrio sp in shrimps
Stress
Stage of exhaustion
• When the animal is unable to achieve homeostasis
i.e. resistance / change. The animal gets exhausted. If
it reaches this stage leads to disease.
• When an animal course these three stages and
comes back to the normal condition, the animal does
not have disease.
• If the animal does not come back to the normal
condition prone to disease.
Characteristics of GAS
Temperature
• As fishes are cold blooded animal (Poikilothermic) it
can change the body temperature depending upon
surrounding and this has profound influence on
animal health status.
• As the animal approaches the temperature extremes
for its survival chances for pathogen invasion increase.
• Sudden temperature change rather than temperature
per se thatis the stressor.
Inflammation In: Higher vertebrates
• Inflammation – It is a change happening in animal due
to a stressor. The cardinal signs of inflammation in the
higher vertebrates are
• Calor (heat) - This is due to increased physical activity
• Rubor (Redness) - This is due to the dilation of
capillaries due to the increase in the blood flow into
the area of infection.
• Tumor (swelling) –increased dimaeter of capillary
fenestrae allow the largest serum protein molecules
such as fibrinogen and immunoglobulin to exude into
the tisssue.
Contd….
• Acute Inflammation
• Chronic Inflammation
Acute inflammation
• These happen for short duration. There are three
response normally happening during the process.
– Resolution
– Exudates / Exudation
– Necrosis
Contd…
Resolution
The cause of inflammation is countered rapidly
return to normal.
Exudates/ Exudation
continuous production of the products of the
inflammatory response.
Based on the site and stimulus may be suppurative,
catarrhal, fibrinous, serous or diptheretic.
Necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
It is due to the release of enzymes at particular site
resulting in enzymatic digestion of cells.
Mediated by either the host cell itself such as
neutropils or lysosme or by lytic toxins produced by
infecting bacteria.
Contd…
Coagulative Necrosis
• When the group of blood vessels supplying blood to
tissue is cut off the cell will due to the loss of blood
supply (ischaemia) to an area.
Fat necrosis
The area having fat is digested by enzymes produced
by pathogens.
Lipase are produced and fat is digested which lead to
the formation of soap like material.
Sages of necrosis
Best characterised in terms of changes taking place in
nucleus of cell.
3 stages have been identified
1. Pyknosis 2. Karyohexis 3. Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Here the nucleus is shrunken and become very dark.
Karyohexis
characterized by rupture of the nuclear membrane
and fragmentation of the nuclear chromatin.
Contd…
Karyolysis
• As the nucleic acid are hydrolyzed, they lose their
basophilia and the whole tissue assumes a shiny
pink colour.
• Due to persistence nature of strands of fish
chromatin nucleus appear as very dark,
haematoxylinophilic irregular tadpole or
trypanosome shaped structure usually against a pale
shiny structureless back ground.
Chronic Inflammation
Chronic inflammation:- In case acute inflammation is
not resolving quickly, then Chronic inflammation
results characterized by contemporaneous
inflammation and proliferation of neighbouring
support tissues.
Granuloma formation:- Chronic inflammation many a
times lead to a condition called as granuloma. It is a
white to yellow lesion which may have a cheesy or
hard consisitency or even may be calcified.
May be caused by silicaceous diatoms, bacteria or fungi.
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