Methods of Separating Mixtures

• Magnet
• Filter
• Decant
• Evaporation
• Centrifuge
• Chromatography
• Distillation
 Mixture of
solid and
liquid Stirring
rod

Filtration
separates
Funnel

a liquid
from a
Filter paper
traps solid

solid

Filtrate (liquid
component
of the mixture)
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40
 Chromatography
• Tie-dye t-shirt

• Black pen ink

• DNA testing
– Tomb of Unknown Soldiers
– Crime scene
– Paternity testing
Paper Chromatography
 Separation by Chromatography

sample
mixture

a chromatographic column

stationary phase mobile phase detector

selectively absorbs sweeps sample
components down column

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld006.htm
 Separation by Chromatography

sample
mixture

a chromatographic column

stationary phase mobile phase detector

selectively absorbs sweeps sample
components down column

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld006.htm
 Ion chromatogram of orange juice
K+
response
detector

Na+
Mg2+ Fe3+
Ca2+

0 5 10 15 20 25
time (minutes)
 Setup to heat a solution
Ring stand

Beaker

Wire gauze

Ring

Bunsen burner

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 42

 A Hero’s Fountain Glass retort

mixture for distillation

placed in here

long spout helps

vapors to condense

Furnace
Eyewitness Science “Chemistry” , Dr. Ann Newmark, DK Publishing, Inc., 1993, pg 13
 A Distillation Apparatus
thermometer

liquid with a solid

dissolved in it condenser

tube
distilling
flask

receiving pure
hose connected to flask liquid
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 282 cold water faucet
 The solution is boiled and steam
is driven off.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39

 Salt remains after all water is
boiled off.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39

 No chemical change occurs
when salt water is distilled.

Distillation
(physical method)

Salt

Saltwater solution Pure water

(homogeneous mixture)

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40

 Separation of a sand-saltwater
mixture.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40

 Separation of Sand from Salt
1. Gently break up your salt-crusted sand with a plastic spoon.
Follow this flowchart to make a complete separation.

Salt- Pour into Stir and let

Weigh the Fill with
crusted heat-resistant settle 1
mixture. water.
sand. container. minute.

Calculate Dry Decant

Weigh
weight of clear
sand. sand.
salt. liquid.

No

2. How does this flow

Evaporate
chart insure a complete Repeat Wet
to
3 times? sand.
separation? dryness. Yes
Four-stroke Internal
Combustion Engine
Different Types of Fuel Combustion

Gasoline (octane)
2 C8H18 + 25 O2  16 CO2 + 18 H2O

Methanol (in racing fuel)

__CH3OH +__O2 __CO2 +__H2O

 Combustion Chamber
-The combustion chamber is the area where compression and
combustion take place.
-Gasoline and air must be mixed in the correct ratio.
 The Advantages of Methanol -
Burning Engines
•Methanol can run at much higher compression ratios,
meaning that you can get more power from the engine on
each piston stroke.
•Methanol provides significant cooling when it evaporates in
the cylinder, helping to keep the high-revving, high-
compression engine from overheating.
•Methanol, unlike gasoline, can be extinguished with water if
there is a fire. This is an important safety feature.
•The ignition temperature for methanol (the temperature at
which it starts burning) is much higher than that for gasoline,
so the risk of an accidental fire is lower.
 A Race Car - Basic Information

•At 900 hp, it has about two to three times the horsepower of a "high-
performance" automotive engine. For example, Corvettes or Vipers
might have 350- to 400-horsepower engines.
•At 15,000 rpm, it runs at about twice the rpm of a normal automotive
engine. Compared to a normal engine, an methanol engine has larger
pistons and the pistons travel a shorter distance up and down on each
stroke.
•The motor is lighter. This lowers their inertia and is another factor in the
high rpm.
 Centrifugation

• Spin sample very rapidly: AFTER

Before
denser materials go to
bottom (outside)
• Separate blood into serum
and plasma Serum
– Serum (clear)
Blood
– Plasma (contains red blood
cells ‘RBCs’) RBC’s

• Check for anemia (lack of iron)

A B C
 Water Molecules

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 8

The decomposition of two water
molecules.

Water Diatomic Diatomic

molecules oxygen molecule + hydrogen molecules

Electric
current

2 H2O  O2 + 2 H2
 Electrolysis Water

“electro” = electricity
“lysis” = to split Oxygen Hydrogen
gas forms gas forms

*H1+
H2O(l) O2 (g) + 2 H2 (g)
water oxygen hydrogen Source of Electrode
direct current

*Must add acid catalyst

to conduct electricity
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 32
 Electrolysis of Water
D.C. power
source

oxygen hydrogen
gas gas

anode cathode
Half reaction at the cathode (reduction):
4 H2O + 4 e -  2 H2 + 4 OH 1-
water
Half reaction at the anode (oxidation):
2 H2O  O2 + 4 H 1+ + 4 e -
 Reviewing Concepts
Physical Properties

• List seven examples of physical

properties.
• Describe three uses of physical properties.
• Name two processes that are used to
separate mixtures.
• When you describe a liquid as thick, are
you saying that it has a high or low
viscosity?
 Reviewing Concepts
Physical Properties

• Explain why sharpening a pencil is an

example of a physical change.

• What allows a mixture to be separated by

distillation?
 Reviewing Concepts
Chemical Properties

• Under what conditions can chemical

properties be observed?

• List three common types of evidence for a

chemical change.

• How do chemical changes differ from

physical changes?
 Reviewing Concepts
Chemical Properties

• Explain why the rusting of an iron bar

decreases the strength of the bar.

• A pat of butter melts and then burns in a

hot frying pan. Which of these changes is
physical and which is chemical?