Poultry History and Industry

History of Poultry Domestication

• Origin of chicken - Jungle Fowl
(Southeast Asia - India)
• Domestication of chicks in East Asia
– 7,500 years ago
• Earliest record of poultry – 3200 BC in
India
• Reason for initial domestication -
rooster fighting (1st spectator sport)
 Origin of the Present Chickens
• Red Jungle Fowl – Gallus gallus – S.E. Asia
• Gray Jungle Fowl – Gallus sonnerati
• Ceylonese Jungle Fowl – Gallus lafayetti
• Javan Jungle Fowl – Gallus varius

Monophyletic or Polyphyletic Theory?

Ancient Chinese Egg
Incubator

Egyptians designed
egg incubators

Incubated eggs about

100˚F

Someone would
estimate temperature
with skin, worked well

Used incubator for

chicks to provide heat
 Use of Chickens in Early America

• Small backyard flocks used for

eggs, not meat (may kill 1 or 2 for
Sunday dinner)
• Women of house tended the flocks
• Chickens were a status symbol,
breeding was an “in” thing to do
 Birth of the Broiler Industry
• Cecile (Wilmer) Steele – pioneer of the poultry industry
• Ocean View Maryland, 1923
• Ordered 50 baby chicks, but they sent her 500
• Sold them as fryers when they weighed about 2 lbs
• By 1926 she had expanded and had approximately 10,000
birds
 Definitions
• Broilers – 1 – 1.13 kg
• Fryers – 1.13 – 2 kg
• Roasters – 2.26 – 3 kg
• Poussin – no older than 28 days a.k.a “spring
chickens
 Infancy of the Broiler Industry
• World War II boosted broiler
production in the US
• Delmarva (Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia)– but all the poultry
produced was to be sent to armed
forces
• GA was 2nd with 10 million broilers
• Red meat was rationed – poultry was
not
• Chicken started being a part of
everyday diet – not just for Sunday
Dinner
 Adolescence of the Broiler Industry
• After World War II, chicken
consumption continued to increase
• No longer used “dual purpose”
birds, genetic selection was for
birds for meat or egg production
• The southern states (esp. Georgia)
expanded in broiler production
 Adolescence of the Broiler Industry
 Vertical integration of the industry Breeding
made chicken more readily
available to consumers Hatchery
Feedmill

 Vertical integration is combining two Growout

or more stages of an industry

under one management and Processing

ownership
 The Poultry Industry Continues to Develop
New Value-Added Products
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2006
Further Processed Cut-up Parts Whole

Today there are over 3,000 different chicken

Prepared by: Georgia Poultry Federation
products on the market Source: USDA & National Chicken Council
 Growth of the Poultry Industry:
1. Quick return on money invested
Egg Chick Broiler
21 days(3wks) 6-7 wks

sexually mature chicken

(22-24 wks(6 mo))
2. Birds are excellent (efficient) at turning grain into
meat
3. Current public perception is that white meat is more
healthy (pork uses “the other white meat”)
4. Research/extension
 Feed Conversions Per Pound
Product/Animal FCR*
Broiler Chickens 1.7-1.9

Eggs 2.0

Beef 6.5

Pork 3.0

*FCR=Feed Conversion Ratio or # of feed required to get 1 lb. of

body weight or eggs
Price of Chicken - Affordable
Year $/lb

1928 2.65

1948 1.50

1968 0.75

1988 0.69

2005 0.75

2010 0.79 – 1.29

Top 5 chicken producing United
States of America
1. Georgia
2. Arkansas
3. Alabama
4. Mississippi
5. North Carolina
 Philippines
Top Producers of Broiler Chickens in 2012
1. Central Luzon
2. CALABARZON
3. Northern Mindanao
 Philippines
Top Producers of Layer (Eggs) Chickens in 2012
1. CALABARZON
2. Central Luzon
3. Central Visayas
4. Northern Mindanao
 Philippines
Top Producers of Native Chickens in 2012
1. Western Visayas
2. Northern Mindanao
3. Central Visayas
4. Central Luzon
 Philippines
Top Producers of Ducks (Backyard) in 2012
1. Western Visayas
2. Central Luzon
3. SOCCSKARGEN
4. Cagayan Valley
5. ARMM
 Philippines
Top Producers of Ducks (Commercial) in 2012
1. Central Luzon
2. SOCCSKARGEN
3. CALABARZON
4. Northern Mindanao
CLASSIFI- FOWL DUCK GOOSE TUR- PIGEON QUAIL
CATION
KEY
Mature Cock/ Drake Tom/ Pigeon
male Cockerel cock

Mature Hen/pullet Duck Goose T. Hen Pigeon Hen

female hen

Young chicks Duck- Goding Poult Squab Chick

ling

Group Brood/Flock Padd- Gaggle Flock Flight Covey

ling
• Keet - young guinea of either sex
• Down feathers - refers to feathers of newly
hatched fowl
• Plumage – mature feathers of fowl
• Pullet chicks – sexed chicks, all female
• Straight-run-chick - group of male and female
chicks; unsexed
• Capon – fattened male, testicles removed at 2-
3 months old
• Peeper - pigeon ready to leave nest
• Squeaker - ready to leave nest and starting to
eat
• Poulard - ovariectomized pullet; synonym of
capon in male
• Oviposition - laying of fully developed eggs
• Fertile eggs - eggs from mated flock
• Pollard - wheat bran
• Zein - protein from corn
• Poultry - species of birds man has
domesticated for meat and eggs
• Table eggs – eggs from unmated flock for
cuisine purposes
• Hatching eggs – eggs from mated flock to
produce chicks or duncklings
• Balut – embryonated egg from ducks
• Balut sa puti – incubated for 17-18 days
• Balut mamatong – incubated for 14-16 days
• Penoy – incubated infertile duck eggs or egg
with dead embroyo (penoy na tuyo or penoy
na may sabaw or hihigupin)
• Century egg – coated with rice hull and mud
with the white of the egg having gelatinous
texture and grayish translucent color
• Candling – test of fertility by holding pre-
incubated eggs infront of beam of light in
darkened room.
Meat
Balut
Penoy
Salted Eggs
Isaw
Day old chicks
Helmet
Adidas
Kwek-kwek/Tokneneng
Proven
 Industrydeveloped in the
Philippines because:
 Warm Weather
 Close to some grain sources
 Cheap housing
 Abundant labor
Chicken Status/Inventory, July 2014
• Total : 172.41 Million birds
• Native Chickens: 78.48 Million birds
• Broilers – 64.7 Million birds
• Layers – 29.23 Million birds
 References
• Courtesy of Joshua Daniel, 2014
• Bureau of Agricultural Statistics
• Google for the Pictures