Technical format:

Margins – 1 inch for top, bottom and right margins of A4 size

1.5 inch for the left margin. This is to give allowance
for the binding.

Chapter number - is written at the center heading and should

not be encoded in all capital letters.
The Number in Chapter 1 should be in numeral form
(i.e Chapter 1).
Font style:
Bookman Old style font 12
Times New Roman font 12
Courier New font 12
Arial font 12
- After the title Chapter heading, move 3 single
spaces to type the title of the chapter which is
the The Problem.

- The Problem is at the center , right at the bottom of

the Chapter Number.

- Title headings should not be all in capital letters,

not bold and not underlined.
- Move 4 spaces and type the subheading
(i.e Introduction)

- There is no pagination for the every page of

the Chapter.
- Manuscript pagination starts with page 2
right after the page indicating Chapter 1.

- The number is located at the lower center

of the page.
 Chapter 1

3 Single spaces
The Problem

4 single spaces
Introduction
How to Write
Introduction
How to write the research Introduction
Tips:
1. The background of the study is part of the introduction
2. Utilize the deductive method of paragraph development.
General Idea

Specific
Deductive Writing

- refers to the practice of reasoning and organizing information

(theory, premises, concepts, abstractions)

- From general premises to the specifics that prove/disprove the

premise

- From a theoretical model to observations that confirm/disconfirm the

model

- from abstractions to specifics

3. Do not place or use too much references or citations.
4. The first few paragraphs may contain and discuss the following:
-The setting of your study
- Introduce the issue that you will be investigating
- the effects and development of this issue.
- present who are affected by the issue
- present some articles or legal basis proving that this issue
exists
5. The last paragraph of the introduction should be the RATIONALE
of the study

6. Three to five pages should be enough for this part of the study
4 easy steps (by Dr. Ed. L. Padama)
- Use the deductive method of writing

1. Set the context and background

2. Present the research gap
3. Discuss the goal of the research
4. Present the rationale of the research
Step 1 – Set the context and Background
Step 2. Present the research gap

- is the missing piece in a research or a study.

- It is an area that has not yet been explored or
underexplored
Step 3. Discuss the goal of the research (Justification)
Step 4. Present the rationale of the research (Justification)
Justification or the research why you conduct this
study.

Why is your research important and why you push

through the investigation.
Statement of the Problem
TIPS
1. The S.O.P. is composed of the general problem and the specific problems
2. The specific problems should help answer the objective of the research as
reflected in the title.
3. The specific problems should be relevant and aligned with the direction of the
research.
4. Present at least a minimum of 3 research problems
Title: Productivity of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus
ostreatus) on Different Substrates
General Objective
The study is to investigate the productivity of oyster mushroom
(Pleurotus ostreatus) on different substrates.
Objectives of the study
Specific Objectives:
Specifically, this study aims to;
1. Evaluate the productivity of oyster mushroom in response to
different substrates in terms of;
a. days to full mycelial growth
b. days to fruiting bodies formation
c. number of fruiting bodies formed
d. number of days to harvesting
e. cap diameter (cm) of fruiting bodies
f. weight (g) of fruiting bodies
g. percentage contamination
h. identification of the contaminants
2. Determine the significant difference on the productivity of
oyster mushroom using different substrates (sawdust,
woodchips, rice straw, dried banana leaves, corn stalks).
Hypotheses
Title: Productivity of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus
ostreatus) on Different substrates

Ho: = There is no significant difference on the productivity of oyster

mushroom (Pleurotus astreatus) grown in sawdust, woodchips, rice
straw, dried banana leaves, and corn stalks.

Ha: There is a significant difference on the productivity of oyster

mushroom (Pleurotus astreatus) grown in sawdust, woodchips, rice
straw, dried banana leaves, and corn stalks.
1. If a researcher is assuming that the bearing capacity of a bridge is more than 10
tons, then the hypothesis under this study will be:
Null hypothesis H0: µ= 10 tons

Alternative hypothesis Ha: µ>10 tons

2. Under another study that is trying to test whether there is a significant

difference between the effectiveness of medicine against heart arrest.

H0: = there is no relationship between the medicine and chances of heart arrest.

Ha: there is a relationship between the medicine and chances of heart arrest.
If the hypothesis is that, “If random test scores are collected from
men and women, does the score of one group differ from the
other?”

A possible null hypothesis will be that the mean test score of

men is the same as that of the women.
H0: µ1= µ2
A possible alternative hypothesis will be that the mean test score
of men is not equal with that of the women.
Ha: µ1 µ2
End of Session 1