Preliminaries – also known as front matters.

In this portion, the adviser certifies that the research paper prepared by
the researcher is examined, corrected in form and content and is recommended for approval and acceptance for an
oral examination.
- Title Page, Recommendation/Certification, Approval Sheet, Abstract, Table of Contents, List of Tables,
List of Figures, List of Plates (if available), Acknowledgements, Dedication (Optional)

Body (text) - Chapter 1 - The Problem and Its Setting; 2 - Review of Related Literature and Studies; 3 – Research
Design/ Research Methodology/ Methods and Procedures; 4 – Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data; 5 –
Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
- the specific beneficiaries(individual, group, or organization) are identified in this part.

Reference materials – Bibliography, Appendices: A-Permit to Conduct a Study, B-Letter to Respondents to

Administer Instruments, C-Research Instrument, D–Documents, E–Statistical Computations (if any), F–Long Notes (if
any); Biodata (Curriculum Vitae)
- also known as back matters. Includes the list of references.

CHAPTER I - This part gives the readers an overview of the whole research paper where you have to acquaint the
reader with the rationale of the study. You have to acquaint the reader with the rationale of the study. The reason
why the research problem was chosen and what is known about it. The relevance of the study has to be described
also in this portion.

Introduction - Serves as the appetizer for the readers of the research paper and gives the readers an overview.
Guidelines in writing introduction:
• Describe the problem by considering global, national and local situation.
• Justify the existence of the problem by citing related studies and literature, constitutions, laws, orders, ordinances,
circulars, memorandums, and rules as bases to support the problem.
• Should be Self-Defined and based on the Researchers’ point of view.
• Should be at least 3 pages (Maximum of 5)
• Indicate what is wrong in the present system and explain your desire to discover ways of enriching or improving
something, thus the study.
• At the end of the Introduction, the researcher should cite motives and justification which prompted him to conduct
such a study
*Paragraph should start with an indention and is composed of 3 or more sentences.
When should I make a new paragraph? When you are moving to another topic

Statement of the Problem - This portion presents the problems that are focused on research, discusses the
problems to be answered by the study. In this part, you have to state what you want to investigate, discover, or
accomplish. Should be in present tense first.
- Reveals the objectives of the study
Wrong: The study aimed to develop/ sought answers
Correct: The study will aim / seek to find answer

Theoretical Framework - This is the structure that can hold or support the theory of a research work. This presents
the theory which explains why the problem under study exists. It serves as a basis for conducting the study
1. It helps the researcher see clearly the variables of the study.
2. It provides the researcher a general framework for data collection and analysis.
3. It is essential in preparing a research proposal using descriptive and experimental research methods.
Writing the THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
1. Always indicate the theory including its author and what the theory is all about.
2. Indicate the applicability of the theory to the study.
3. If there are many related theories, select the nearest theory and explain its applicability to the present study.
4. Discuss how the theory/theories contribute to the field of study being undertaken.
5. Must be focused on the discussion of the theory/theories.
6. Map out or illustrate the theory.
7. Do not include theoretical framework if there is no theory involved or to be proven.
Conceptual Framework
1. It is the researcher’s idea on how the research problems will have to be explored.
2. This is founded on the theoretical framework.
3. Embodies the specific direction by which the research will have to be undertaken
4. Describes the relationship between specific variables identified in the study
5. It outlines the input, the process and the output of the whole investigation.
6. It is also called the research paradigm.
7. Explain the concept of the study based on the statement of the problem.
8. Identify and discuss the variables of the study, extent of the study and the objectives of the study.
9. Discuss the relationships between and among variables.
10. Present and discuss the indicator of the variables.

Hypothesis - is a predictive statement that represents the researcher’s tentative answer to his statement of the
problem. It is formulated and presumably adapted to explain observed facts or conditions and to guide in further
investigation. It can be stated either as alternative or null hypothesis.
1. Null Hypothesis - Is a statement indicating the nonexistence of difference, relationship, or association between
two or more variables or factors. A hypothesis to be tested. Sometimes called the "no difference" hypothesis. Good
for experimentation because it's simple to disprove
2. Alternative hypothesis - states the nature of the connection between or among the variables that the researcher
expects. Can be directional or non-directional
>Directional hypothesis - Is a type of alternative hypothesis that specifies the direction of expected findings,
examine the relationship among variables rather than to compare groups.
>Non-directional hypothesis - Is a type of alternative hypothesis in which no definite direction of the expected
findings is specified.

Significance of the Study - This portion presents the researcher’s justification in conducting a research on a given
research topic. The study is directed to whom the study will be useful and why the study would be useful to them
Specific beneficiaries (individual, group or organization) should be identified. Reasons or benefits should be stated.

Scope - Will be your subject to be studied. Coverage of the study.

Delimitation - The weakness and are difficult to contain.
Limitation - The features of the study so that it can be controlled. To narrow the study. Variable excluded in a
research study.

Definition of Terms - This presents important words or key terms to be defined based on their usage in the study.
The main purpose of this portion is to unlock difficulties so that readers can better understand the research study.
Terms can be defined conceptually (from dictionary) and operationally (as used in the study. There must be an
introductory sentence/paragraph before starting defining a term. Must provide two types of definitions—the
conceptual (lexical) definition and the operational definition. Must indicate the references or sources used for the
conceptual definitions. Terms should be arranged alphabetically or as they appear in the paper.

*Which of the following should not be included in the background of the study? Statement of the problem
*General to specific: Drug Abuse and Addiction> Drug Legalization and Regulation> Drug-related crimes
:Sexually Transmitted Diseases> HIV> Causes of HIV> Effects of HIV
:Human Population Growth> Different Family Planning Methods> Benefits of Birth Control Pills
*Example of a general topic? Global Warming
*The researcher’s focus of the study is about producing genetically modified pumpkin seeds, who will be benefited?
Farmers
*Schematic diagram or illustration depicts what the concept of the study is all about. Conceptual paradigm
*How are research questions most often described? May arise from our life experiences