Dr. Yanga’s College’s Inc.

Wakas, Bocaue, Bulacan

English 4
Research

DR FE F. FAUNDO
Learning…
We learn and retain about 10% of what we hear.
We learn and retain about 15% of what we see.
We learn and retain about 20% of what we both see and hear.
We learn and retain about 40% of what we discuss with others
We learn and retain about 60% of what we do or experience.
We learn and retain about 80% of what we do or experience and reflect.
We learn and retain about 90% of what we teach to someone else
- Philips and Gibbons (1985)
Delivery Style
It is not what you say but how you say it.
Not what you wear but how you wear it.

If you have it, project it.

If you don’t have it, reject.
If you want to have it, inject.
 STUDENT LEARNING
- Research shows clearly that a person must be engaged
to learn by observing, speaking, writing, listening,
thinking, drawing and doing.
- Learning is enhanced when a person sees potential
implications, applications, and benefits to others.
- Learning builds on current understanding (including
misconceptions)
- Research – the systematic
investigation into and study
of materials and sources in
order to establish facts and
rech new conclusion
- Research – diligent and
systematic inquiry into a
subject in order to discover
or revise facts, theories, etc.
- Research – All effort directed toward
increased knowledge of natural
phenomena and environment and
toward the solution of problems in all
fields of science. This includes basic an
applied research.
Primary source - A direct source of informati
or research, a document not emended by a
third party.
Secondary source - Information or research
that is derivative, such as a comment by a
historian, an encyclopedia article, or a critic
essay.
Operations Research – research designed to determine
most efficient way to do something
Investigative research – systematic investigation to
establish facts
Operational research – research designed to determine
most efficient way to do something
Field work research – an investigation carried out in the
field rather than in a laboratory or headquarters
Marketing Research - research that gathers and analyzes
information about the moving of good or services from
producer to consumer
Microsopy Research – research with the use of
microscopes
Probe research – an investigation conducted using a
flexible surgical instrument to explore an injury or a body
cavity
Scientific/project research – research into questions posed
by scientific theories and hypotheses
Research – a search for knowledge; "their pottery deserves
more research than it has received“

problem solving - the thought processes involved in solving

a problem
nature study - the study of animals and plants in the natural
world (usually at an elementary level)
experimentation, experiment - the testing of an idea; "it
was an experiment in living"; "not all experimentation is
done in laboratories"
empirical research - an empirical search for knowledge

investigation, probe - an inquiry into unfamiliar or

questionable activities; "there was a congressional probe
into the scandal“

opinion poll, poll, public opinion poll, canvass - an inquiry

into public opinion conducted by interviewing a random
sample of people
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter serves as a backgrounder for readers to have an

overview of the study even without prior reference to other
publications on the topic. The first chapter includes the following:
ntroduction

- This serves as a backgrounder for readers to have an overview of

the study even without prior reference to other publication on the
topic.

- Describe the problem situation considering global, national and

local forces

- Justify the existence of the problem situation by citing statistical

data and authoritative sources.
Background of the Study

- Make a clinching statement that will relate the background to the

proposed research problem that may include personal nsights
and/reasons

Theoretical Framework

- Discuss the theories and/or concepts, which are useful in

conceptualizing the research
Conceptual Paradigm

- Identify and discuss the variables related to the problem

- Present a schematic diagram of the paradigm of the research and
discuss the relationship of the elements/variables therein.
Statement of the Problem

- The general problem must be reflective of the title

- It should be stated in such a way that it is not answerable by yes or
no, not indicative of when and where. Rather, it should reflect
between and among variables.
- Each sub-problem should cover mutually exclusive dimensions and
overlapping
- The sub-problem should be arranged in logical order from actual to
analytical following the flow in the research paradigm.
Hypothesis

- A hypothesis should be measurable/desirable. It expresses

expected relationship between two or more variables. It is based on
the theory and/or empirical evidence.

- There are techniques available to measure or describe the

variables. It is on a one to one correspondence with the specific
problems of the study.
Hypothesis
- A hypothesis in statistical form has the following characteristics:

- it is used when the test of significance of relationships and

difference of measures are involved

- The level of significance is stated for acceptance or rejection

Scope and Limitations

- indicate the principal variables or the focused area, locale,

timeframe and justification.
Significance of the Study
- It describes the contributions of the study as new knowledge, make
findings more conclusive

- It cites the usefulness of the study to the specific groups

Definition of Terms
- Only important term taken from the title, statement of the problem,
assumptions, hypothesis, and the research paradigm are to be
defined
- The terms should be arranged alphabetically and should be
defined lexically and/or operationally.
- The operational definition may include measures or indices used in
measuring each concept.
Review of Related Literature and Studies
- This starts with a brief introductory paragraph concerning the
researcher’s exploration of related literature and studies on the
research problem.
- It should be organized thematically to conform to the specific
problems
- Evidence from all the studies reviewed to get an overall
understanding of the state of the knowledge in the problem area
- As much as possible, the reviewed literature should be limited within
the last five years
- This further includes both local and foreign literature and studies
related to the present study that may either be published or
unpublished
Synthesis

A clinching statement showing how the related materials

will assist the researchers in the present study is the last part.
It further states the relevance of the reviewed literature and
studies to the present study.
 Chapter 2
RESEARCH METHODS
Research Design
The appropriate research design should be specified and
described. This is an overview of qualitative method chosen and its
appropriateness for the given study.

Research Locale
Describes the place where the study will be conducted and the
ationale behind its choice.
Research Participants
Describe the population of interest and the sampling of subjects to
be used in the study

Research Instrument
-Describes the instrument, what it will measure, how to interpret,
and to whom it will be administered
- Discuss how the validity and the reliability will be established.
Specify the level of reliability (probability)

- Give details of instruction given to assistants if persons other than

the researcher gather data.
Data Gathering Procedures

The steps taken in order to gather the data needed in the study are
discussed in detail in this segment. It includes how permission to
conduct the study is obtained . It also includes the instructions given to
the participants before answering the instrument as well as the
etrieval of the questionnaires.
Statistical Treatment of Data

This section identifies and describes the statistical tools that will be
employed to interpret and analyze the data obtained in the study. It
outlines the procedures and formulate that will be used to quantify the
data and to make decisions regarding the hypotheses formulated in
Chapter 1.

Determine and justify the scales of values used and the descriptive
equivalent ratings, if any.
Ethical Considerations

Confidentiality and participants’ dignity are primary concerns in the

esearch study. Other ethical considerations should be firmly observed
which include beneficence (the study should provide andvantageous
esults to the participants), non-maleficence (completely no harm
should come to the participants through this study) and justice
(prevention of unfairness in dealing with data)