Lecture No : 02

functional groups
objective
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
 Q 1. What information do we get from X-ray analysis of benzene ?

It shows that benzene is six membered planar

molecule. All the bond lengths of C-C and C-H
are all equal with the values of 139 pm and 109
pm respectively.
 Q 2.Which orbitals in benzene give stability to benzene ?

• Six p-orbitals in benzene having one electron each

completely delocalized. Thus delocalization gives
stability to benzene. For this reason benzene
undergo substitution reaction rather than addition
reactions.
 Q3. What is Wurtz-fitting reation ?

• In this reaction the haloderivatives of benzene are reacted with an alkyl halide in
the presence of sodium metal and ether to give alkyle benzene.
 Q4. What is sigma complex and how does it get stability ?

• When an electrophile attack the benzene ring,

positively charged cyclic ring produced, which
is called sigma complex. It is also called so
because pi-bond break to give sigma bond. It
is stabilized under the resonance effect and
has three resonance structure.
Q5. How benzene can be converted to Acetophenone ?
 Q6. If the groups like –OH, -NH3 are present on the benzene ring is activated and ortho, para
products are obtained. Give reason

• All those groups which have lone pair in them and these lone
pairs are in congjugation with the benzene ring, the groups
become ortho, para directing with the activation of benzene
ring. This is due to resonance effect.
 Q7. Nitration of toulene gives ortho and para nitrotoluene, while the nitration of nitrobenzene gives meta-dinitro
benzene. Give reason

• -CH3 is ortho, para directing while NO2 group is meta directing.

 Alkyl halides
1.Grignard reagent is reactive due to :
a. The presence of halogen atom
b. The presence of Mg atom
c. The polarity of C-Mg bond
d. None of above

ANS: c
due to polarity of alpha carbon and Mg bond. The alpha carbon
develops the partial negative charge and act as nucleophile
center.
 Cont. …
2. for which mechanism 1st step involved is the
same.
a. E1 and E2
b. E2 and SN2
c. E1 and SN1
d. SN1 and SN2

ANS : c
Due to formation of Carbonium ion.
 Cont. …
3. Halogen derivatives of alkanes are also
called:
a. Aryl halide
b. Alkynyl halide
c. Alkenyl halide
d. Alkyl halide

ANS: d
 Cont. …
4. The IUPAC name of the compound :
a. 1-bromo-1-methyl propane
b. 2-bromo-2-methyl propane
c. 1-bromo-2-methyle propane
d. None of above

ANS : c
 Cont. …
5. What is the shape of carbanion:
a. Linear
b. Tetrahedral
c. Planar
d. Pyramidal

ANS: c
Its has three covalent bonds, so shape is planar.
 Cont. …
6. What is shape of carbonium ion :
a. Tetrahedral
b. Octahedral
c. Linear
d. Planar

ANS: d
Carbonium ion has positive charge on carbon and three valencies
are lying in one plane.
 Cont. …
7. The common name of 2-methyl-2-
chloropropane is :
a. Isobutyl chloride
b. Sec- butyl chloride
c. T- butyl chloride
d. n – butyl chloride

ANS: c
In t- butyl chloride a-carbon is tertiary.
 Cont. …
8. In elimination reaction, in the formation of
alkenes, the reactivity of alkyl halides is in the
order :
a. Sec > Pri > tert
b. Pri > sec > tert
c. Tert > se c> pri
d. None

ANS: c greater the No. of alkyl group attached greater the

possibilty of elimination.
 Cont. …
9. Elimination bimolecular reaction involves :
a. 1st order kinetics
b. 2nd order kinetics
c. 3rd order kinetics
d. Zero order kinetics

ANS: b
Since it is a bimolecular reaction, so it gives 2nd order kinetics.
 Cont. …
10. An alkyl halide can be converted into alkene
by :
a. Dehydration
b. Substitution
c. Elimination
d. Addition

ANS : c
 Alcohols
1. Which compound shows hydrogen bonding :
a. C2H6
b. C2H5Cl
c. CH3-O-CH3
d. C2H5OH

ANS: d
Ethanol gives H-bonding due to presence of groups.
 Cont. …
2. Methyl alcohol is not used :
a. As a solvent
b. As an anti-freezing agent
c. As a substitute for petrol
d. For denaturing of ethyl alcohol

ANS: c
 Cont. …
2. Indicate the nature of alcohols as :
a. Amphoteric
b. Basic
c. Neutral
d. Strongly acidic

ANS : c
Alcohol is neither acidic nor basic when dissolved in water,
as it neither produces H+ nor OH- in solution.
 Cont. …
3. Hydrolysis of glucose to ethyl alcohol is
carried by :
a. Diatase
b. Lactase
c. Invertase
d. zymase

ANS: d
 Cont. …
4. Enzyme maltase helps the hydrolysis of :
a. Starch to maltose
b. Maltose to glucose
c. Glucose to ethyl alcohol
d. Ethyl alcohol to carboxylic acid

ANS : b
 Cont. …
5. The solubilities of higher alcohols decrease
because they tend to resemble :
a. Sugars
b. Glucose
c. Aldehydes
d. Hydrocarbons

ANS : d
In case of higher alcohols the alkyl group resembles
hydrocarbons which are insoluble in water.
 Cont. …
6. Ethyl alcohol can be denatured by adding :
a. Pyridine
b. Methanol
c. Acetone
d. All of them

ANS : d
ethanol is dangerous to drink in large quantities, so it's
“denatured” with additional ingredients to discourage
people from drinking it.
 Cont. …
7. Which of following is the phenol :
a. Cresol
b. Catechol
c. Benzenol
d. All of them

ANS: d
All the compounds are having –OH group attached with benzene
ring.
 Cont. …
8. Phenol on distillation with zinc dust gives :
a. Acetylene
b. Benzene
c. Toluene
d. Ethylene

ANS: b
 Cont. …
• Assignment

1. Ethyl alcohol is a liquid while ethyl chloride is a gas. Give reason

2. How strong oxidizing agents affect the primary and secondary
alcohols?
3. Why ethanol has higher boiling point than diethyl ether ?
4. How benzene sulphonic acid can be converted into phenols ?
5. What is lucas test ?
6. How iodoform test can be used to distinguish b/w methyl
alcohol and ethyl alcohol ?
 Aldehydes and ketones
1. Bakelite is obtained by condensation of :
a. Acetaldehyde & acetone
b. Formaldehyde and phenol
c. Acetaldehyde and phenol
d. Formaldehyde and acetone

ANS: b
 Cont. …
2. Which of following is a gas at room
temperature :
a. C2H5OC2H5
b. CH3COCH3
c. HCHO
d. CH3CHO

ANS : c
 Cont. …
3. Which type of agents aldehydes are :
a. Bleaching
b. Reducing
c. Hydrating
d. Oxidizing

ANS: b
They reduce tollen reagent, fehling solution and Benedict
solution.
 Cont. …
4. Formation of acetaldehyde from ethanol is
known as :
a. Reduction
b. Addition
c. Oxidation
d. Substitution

ANS: c
 Cont. …
5. which of following compound does not
undergo aldol condensation ?
a. Benzaldehyde
b. Ethyl methyl ketone
c. Phenyl acetaldehyde
d. Acetaldehyde

ANS : a
Alpha hydrogen is not present
 Cont. …
6. When a ketone is condensed into aldol, the
reagent used is :
a. Cl2
b. Br2 water
c. Alkali
d. NaHCO3

ANS: c
Alkali is used as a catalyst for aldol condensation of an aldehyde
and a ketone.
 Cont. …
7. Which of following does not undergo
cannizzaro’s reaction :
a. Dimethyl ether
b. Methanol
c. Benzaldehyde
d. Tri-methylacetaldehyde

ANS: a
It has alpha hydrogen atom, will gives aldol condensation while
all other do not have alpha H, they will give cannizzaro Rx
 Cont. …
8. Benzyl alcohol is obtained from benzaldehyde
by :
a. Perkin Rx
b. Claisen Rx
c. Wutrz Rx
d. Cannizzaro’s Rx

ANS: d
 Cont. …
• Assignment
1. Cannizzaro’s reaction mechanism
2. Aldol condensation mechanism
3. Fehling solution test
4. Benedict solution test
5. Tollen reagent test
 Carboxylic acids
1. Which acid is used to prepare synthetic fiber :
a. Carbonic acid
b. Formic acid
c. Acetic acid
d. Butyric acid

ANS: c
Acetic acid is used to prepare vinylacetate which polymerizes to
give synthetic fiber.
 Cont. …
2. The dipolar structure of zwitterions is also
called :
a. Double salt
b. Health salt
c. Internal salt
d. External salt

ANS: c
in chemistry, a zwitterion also called an inner salt, is a
molecule that contains an equal number of positively- and
negatively-charged functional groups.
 Cont. …
3. Formic acid and acetic acid can be
distinguished with :
a. Sodium bicarbonate
b. Caustic soda
c. Ammonical silver nitrate
d. Help of litmus

ANS : c
HCOOH reduces AgNO3 and NH4OH due to the presence of HCO
group in it. This group is not present in CH3COOH.
 Cont. …
• Assignment

1. What are dimers of carboxylic acids ? Give examples

2. Why B.P of aliphatic carboxylic acid is relatively high ?
3. What is Ninhydrin test ?
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