Chapter No 10 –Circuit Switching and Packet Switching

Lecture 20,21

•TE-256
•Data Communication &
Networking

Compiled By:
Saima Khadim
Dawood University of Engineering & Technology
Department of Telecommunication Engineering Saima.khadim@@duet.edu.pk
 BASIS FOR
COMPARISON DTE
DCE
Basic A device that is an information source A device used as an interface between a
or an information sink. DTE.

Primary functions Produces the data and transfers them Converts the signals to a format
to a DCE, with essential control appropriate to the transmission medium
characters. and introduces it onto the network line.

Coordination No coordination is required between DCE devices must be coordinated in

DTE devices. order to communicate.

Included devices Routers and computers Modem

Relation Connected through the help of a DCE DCE network acts as a medium for two
network. DTE networks.

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What is X.25

 X.25 is an ITU-T standard protocol suite for packet switched wide area network
(WAN)
communication.

 Packet Switching is a technique whereby the network routes individual packets

of HDLC data between different destinations based on addressing within each packet.

 An X.25 network consists of a network of interconnected nodes to

which user equipment can connect.

 The user end of the network is known as Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and
the
carrier’s equipment is Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) .

 X.25 routesHDLC(High-level
packetsData
Control)
across
Link the network from DTE to DTE.
What is X.25
 The protocol known as X.25 was developed by the organization now known as the
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and encompasses the first three layers
of the OSI 7-layered architecture as defined by the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO)

 X.25 permits a DTE user on an X.25 network to communicate with a number of

remote
DTE’s simultaneously.

 Connections occur on logical channels of two types;

 Switched virtual circuits (SVC‘s)

 Permanent virtual circuits (PVC‘s)

 X.25
NETWORK

DTE DTE

DCE
DCE
PSE PSE

DCE DCE
PSE
PSE

DTE
PAD
DTE
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) ,
Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) ,
Power sourcing equipment (PSE),
Packet assembler/disassemblers (PAD)
X.25 has three protocol
layers
• Physical Layer: It lays out the physical, electrical
and functional characteristics that interface between
the computer terminal and the link to the packet
switched node. RS232 is used for physical
connection
• RS232 is a standard protocol used for serial
communication, it is used for connecting computer
and its peripheral devices to allow serial data
exchange between them. It formally defines signals
connecting between a DTE such as a computer
terminal, and a DCE, such as a modem.
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X.25 has three protocol
layers
• Data Link Layer: It comprises the link access
procedures for exchanging data over the link. Here,
control information for transmission over the link is
attached to the packets from the packet layer to
form the LAPB frame (Link Access Procedure
Balanced). This service ensures a bit-oriented, error-
free, and ordered delivery of frames.

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X.25 has three protocol
layers
• Packet Layer: This layer defines the format of data
packets and the procedures for control and transmission of
the data packets.
• It provides external virtual circuit service.
• Virtual circuits may be of two types: virtual call and
permanent virtual circuit.
• The virtual call is established dynamically when needed
through call set up procedure, and the circuit is
relinquished through call clearing procedure.
• Permanent virtual circuit, on the other hand, is fixed and
network assigned.
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 The X.25 Protocol
The X.25 Protocol Layers

Layer Name Description

Network X.25 Packet Level
Link X.25 Frame Level (LAPB)
Physical RS232, etc
Use of X.25
Transferring transparent data.

Transfer of asynchronous data streams

 Credit card verification networks.
 Include automatic teller machine networks.

Supports a variety of mainframe terminal/server applications.

Characteristics of X.25
 Maximum packet sizes vary from 64 bytes to 4096 bytes,
 128 bytes is default on most networks.

 X.25 is optimized for low speed lines:

 100kbps and below.
 At line speeds above 100 kbps the effects of latency.

 X.25 has been development of packet switched

protocols
 TCP/IP and ATM.
 What is Frame Relay
 Frame relay is a packet-switching telecommunication service
 Designed for cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent traffic between local
area networks (LANs) and between endpoints in wide area networks (WANs).

 Frame relay puts data in a variable-size unit called a frame and leaves
any necessary error correction (retransmission of data) up to the endpoints,
 which speeds up overall data transmission.

 For most services, the network provides a permanent virtual circuit (PVC),
 which means that the customer sees a continuous, dedicated connection without
having to pay for a full-time leased line,
 while the service provider figures out the route each frame travels to its
destination and can charge based on usage.
Frame Relay
 it's available on fractional T-1 or full T-carrier system carriers.

 Frame relay complements and provides a mid-range service between ISDN,

 Which offers bandwidth at 128 Kbps, and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM),

 Which operates in somewhat similar fashion to frame relay but at speeds

of
155.520 Mbps or 622.080 Mbps.

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

 FRAME
RELAY

DTE
DTE DCE DCE Router 2
Router 1 Frame Relay
switches

DCE

DTE
Router 3
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) , Data Circuit-terminating Equipment
(DCE)
Frame Relay Operation
• In order for a frame relay WAN to transmit data, data terminal equipment
(DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) are required.
DTEs are typically located on the customer's premises and can encompass
terminals, routers, bridges and personal computers.
 DCEs are managed by the carriers and provide switching and associated
services.
•  Frame relay is based on the older X.25 packet-switching technology that
was designed for transmitting analog data such as voice conversations.
• Unlike X.25, which was designed for analog signals, frame relay is a fast packet
technology, which means that the protocol does not attempt to correct errors.
•  When an error is detected in a frame, it is simply dropped (that is,
thrown away).
Sample Frame Relay Network
Frame Relay
Assembler/Disassembler (FRAD)
● To handle frames from other protocols a
FRAD is used to provide conversion to Frame
Relay packets
● A FRAD can either be a separate device or
part of a router/switch

X.25 X.25
ATM ATM
FRAD FRAD
PPP Frame Relay PPP
Frame Relay mapping to OSI Model

Application

Presentation

Session Other Services

Transport

Network

Data Link LAPF Frame

Physical Any Standard Relay
Protocol
Frame Relay Physical Layer

●No specific protocol is defined

●Any protocol recognized by ANSI can
be implemented
Frame Relay Data Link Layer

● Link Access Protocol for Frame Modes

Services (LAPF) is the protocol defined for
Frame Relay Layer 2 services

● Does not provide flow or error control

Frame Relay VS X.25

X.25

grater Lower than frame relay

X.25 provides services at Layer 3

greater Error detection hence it provides error free
delivery. It contains fields which are used for
error and flow control.

It has physical, data link and network layers

It prepares and sends packets.

Fixed bandwidth is available in X.25 network