LET’S BUILD

SENTENCES
 • ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE
DISCUSS : • REFERENCES
• CONJUNCTION
THE ACTIVE AND
PA S S I V E V O I C E

PRESENT
PA S T
FUTURE
PRESENT PERFECT
FORMATION (PRESENT)

Subject + is /am /are + Past Participle (Verb 3)

Charles writes a book.

A book is written by Charles.

Charles cleans the windows.

The windows are cleaned by Charles.
ACTIVE PASSIVE

I write a book. A book is written by me.

You buy a book. A book is bought by you
He finds some books. Some books are found by him.
FORMATION (PAST)

Subject + was / were + Past Participle (Verb 3)

Charles wrote a book.

A book was written by Charles.

Charles cleaned the windows.

The windows were cleaned by Charles.
ACTIVE PASSIVE

You wrote a book. A book was written by you.

She bought two books. Two books were bought by her
He found some books. Some books were found by him.
FORMATION (FUTURE)

Subject + will be + Past Participle (Verb 3)

Charles will write a book.

A book will be written by Charles.

Charles will clean the windows.

The windows will be cleaned by Charles.
ACTIVE PASSIVE

You will write a book. A book will be written by you.

She will buy two books. Two books will be bought by her
He will take some books. Some books will be taken by him.
FORMATION (PRESENT PERFECT)

Subject + has / have been + Past Participle (Verb 3)

Charles has written a book.

A book has been written by Charles.

Charles has cleaned the windows.

The windows has been cleaned by Charles.
ACTIVE PASSIVE

You will write a book. A book will be written by you.

She will buy two books. Two books will be bought by her
He will take some books. Some books will be taken by him.
REFERENCES

A N A P H O R I C & C ATA P H O R I C
REFERENCES
PRONOUN
ANAPHORIC REFERENCE
Anaphoric reference occurs when a word or phrase refers to
something mentioned earlier in the discourse.
Here’s an example of anaphoric reference:

Michael went to the bank. He was annoyed because it was closed.

He refers to Michael.
it refers to the bank.
Try to find the reference for the words in color!

That man is Mr. Ronald. He sat down at the table and took a
small box from his pocket. Inside it was the key to his future.

That man is Mr. Ronald. He sat down at the table and took a
small box from his pocket. Inside it was the key to his future.
Try to find the reference for the words in color!

A man and a woman were trying to wash a cat. The man

was holding the cat while the woman poured the water
on it. He said something to her and they started laughing.

A man and a woman were trying to wash a cat. The man

was holding the cat while the woman poured the water
on it. He said something to her and they started laughing.
Try to find the reference for the words in color!

Peel and slice six potatoes. Put them in the cold water.

Peel and slice six potatoes. Put them in the cold water.
CATAPHORIC REFERENCE
Cataphoric reference occurs when a word or phrase refers to
something mentioned later in the discourse.
Here are some examples of cataphoric reference:

Although I phone her every week, my mother still complains that I don’t

keep in touch often enough.
Her refers to my mother.

It was there on the table. I haven’t read that book yet and I didn’t intend
to do so now.
It refers to that book.
Try to find the reference for the words in color!

I turned the corner and almost stepped on it. There was a

large snake in the middle of the path.

I turned the corner and almost stepped on it. There was a

large snake in the middle of the path.

When I told him, Jim didn’t really believe me.

When I told him, Jim didn’t really believe me.

Try to find the reference for the words in color!

I tried to call them, but it seemed that my mom and dad didn’t
hear me.

I tried to call them, but it seemed that my mom and dad didn’t
hear me.
 CONJUNCTION

A W O R D T H AT C O N N E C T PA R T S O F
A SENTENCE
Because
LET’S PRACTICE!

AND I will go there next week.

• My sister ______
FOR
AND
FOR
• I like you _____________ you are so kind to me. NOR
BUT
OR a Fanta?
• Would you like a Coca-Cola _______ OR
YET
SO SO
• He is not well today _______________ he is not
going to show up.
LET’S PRACTICE!
SO
• I don’t want to be late for school, ________I really
FOR
have to go now.
AND
YET / BUT she managed to
• She broke her leg, _____________ NOR
walk home. BUT
AND OR
• I want to buy carrots, potatoes _______ mushroom for YET
my soup. SO
NOR
• John is neither rich __________ poor.
CHOOSE 5 PICTURES
You are on your way for a very important
interview, but the lift stops between floors.
There’s only a small hole on top of the lift. How
do you get out of this situation?

You are wandering in the forest. You got lost in

the middle. You have to cross the river but the
river is very deep and you cannot swim. How do
you get out of this situation?
SLIDE TITE
THANK YOU