IEEE 802.

11 versions
802.11b - describes a new PHY layer and is by far the most successful version of IEEE
802.11 available today.
Depending on the current interference and the distance between sender and receiver
802.11b systems offer 11, 5.5, 2, or 1 Mbit/s. Maximum user data rate is approx 6
Mbit/s.
802.11a - While 802.11b was in development, IEEE created a second extension to the
original 802.11 standard called 802.11a. It is usually found on business networks
whereas 802.11b better serves the home market.
Offers up to 54 Mbit/s using OFDM. The higher frequency also means 802.11a
signals have more difficulty penetrating walls and other obstructions.
802.11c: Bridge Support
– Definition of MAC procedures to support bridges as extension to 802.1D
802.11d: Regulatory Domain Update
– Support of additional regulations related to channel selection, hopping
sequences
802.11e: MAC Enhancements – QoS
– Enhance the current 802.11 MAC to expand support for applications with Quality
of Service requirements, and in the capabilities and efficiency of the protocol
– Definition of a data flow (“connection”) with parameters like rate, burst, period…
– Additional energy saving mechanisms and more efficient retransmission
802.11f: Inter-Access Point Protocol
– Establish an Inter-Access Point Protocol for data exchange via the distribution
system
– Currently unclear to which extend manufacturers will follow this suggestion
802.11g: Data Rates > 20 Mbit/s at 2.4 GHz; 54 Mbit/s, OFDM
– attempts to combine the best of both 802.11a and 802.11b.
– Successful successor of 802.11b, performance loss during mixed operation with
11b
802.11h: Spectrum Managed 802.11a
– Extension for operation of 802.11a in Europe by mechanisms like channel
measurement for dynamic channel selection (DFS, Dynamic Frequency
Selection) and power control (TPC, Transmit Power Control)
802.11i: Enhanced Security Mechanisms
– Enhance the current 802.11 MAC to provide improvements in security.
– TKIP enhances the insecure WEP, but remains compatible to older WEP
systems
– AES provides a secure encryption method and is based on new hardware
802.11j: Extensions for operations in Japan
– Changes of 802.11a for operation at 5GHz in Japan using only half the channel
width at larger range
802.11k: Methods for channel measurements
– Devices and access points should be able to estimate channel quality in order to be
able to choose a better access point of channel
802.11m: Updates of the 802.11 standards
802.11n: Higher data rates above 100Mbit/s
– Wireless N
– Changes of PHY and MAC with the goal of 100Mbit/s at MAC SAP
– MIMO antennas (Multiple Input Multiple Output), up to 600Mbit/s are currently
feasible
– However, still a large overhead due to protocol headers and inefficient mechanisms
802.11p: Inter car communications
– Communication between cars/road side and cars/cars
– Planned for relative speeds of min. 200km/h and ranges over 1000m
– Usage of 5.850-5.925GHz band in North America
802.11r: Faster Handover between BSS
– Secure, fast handover of a station from one AP to another within an ESS
– Current mechanisms (even newer standards like 802.11i) plus incompatible devices
from different vendors are massive problems for the use of, e.g., VoIP in WLANs
– Handover should be feasible within 50ms in order to support multimedia applications
efficiently
802.11s: Mesh Networking
– Design of a self-configuring Wireless Distribution System (WDS) based on 802.11
– Support of point-to-point and broadcast communication across several hops
802.11t: Performance evaluation of 802.11 networks
– Standardization of performance measurement schemes
802.11u: Interworking with additional external networks
802.11v: Network management
– Extensions of current management functions, channel measurements
– Definition of a unified interface
802.11w: Securing of network control
– Classical standards like 802.11, but also 802.11i protect only data frames, not the
control frames. Thus, this standard should extend 802.11i in a way that, e.g., no control
frames can be forged.
802.11ac: The newest generation of Wi-Fi signaling in popular use, 802.11ac utilizes dual band
wireless technology, supporting simultaneous connections on both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz
Wi-Fi bands.
802.11ac offers backward compatibility to 802.11b/g/n and bandwidth rated up to 1300 Mbps
on the 5 GHz band plus up to 450 Mbps on 2.4 GHz.

Note: Not all “standards” will end in products, many ideas get stuck at working group level
Info: www.ieee802.org/11/, 802wirelessworld.com, standards.ieee.org/getieee802/
 HIPERLAN(High Performance LAN)
• Integration of time sensitive data transfer services

HIPERLAN 1
• Priorities, forward mechanisms, Topology Discovery, Data encryption,
Network Identification, Power conservation Mechanisms
• its ability to forward data packets using several relays.
• P-Savers, P-Supporters, Wake-up Pattern
– Requires buffering mechanisms
EY-NPMA (Elimination Yield Non-preemptive Priority Multiple
Access) – Channel Access
• the medium access scheme of HIPERLAN 1, a scheme that provides
QoS and a powerful prioritization scheme.
EY-NPMA divides the medium access of different competing
nodes into three phases:
1. Prioritization –
• first step is the priority detection,
• time is divided into five slots, slot 0 (highest priority) to slot 4
(lowest priority).
• Each slot has a duration of IPS = 168 high rate bit-periods
• If a node has the access it has to listen into the medium for p
slots (priority detection).
• the node asserts the priority by immediately transmitting a
burst for the duration IPA = 168 high
rate bit-periods (priority assertion).
11111010100010011100000110010110
2. Contention (Elimination Phase & Yield Phase)
• Several nodes may now enter
• elimination slot interval IES = 212 high rate bit periods
• The length of an individual elimination burst is 0 to 12 slot intervals long, the
probability of bursting within a slot is 0.5.
• The probability PE(n) of an elimination burst to be n elimination slot intervals long
is given by:
PE(n) = 0.5n+1 for 0 ≤ n < 12
PE(n) = 0.512 for n = 12
• resolves contention by means of elimination bursting and elimination survival
verification
Yield Phase
• the remaining nodes only listen into the medium without sending any
additional bursts.
• Yield slots with a duration of IYS = 168 high rate bit-periods.
• The length of an individual yield listening period can be 0 to 9 slots with
equal likelihood.
• The probability PY(n)for a yield listening period to be n slots long is 0.1 for
all n, 0 ≤ n ≤ 9.
• At least one node will survive this phase and can start to transmit data.
3. Transmission phase
• A node that has survived the prioritization and contention phase can now
send its data, called a low bit-rate high bit-rate HIPERLAN 1 CAC protocol
data unit (L
• PDU can either be multicast or unicast BR-HBR HCPDU).
 Quality of service support and other specialties
• Priority(0-High,1-Low)
• MSDU lifetime- Time bounded Delivery
• Power Conservation
– P-Saver, P-supporter
– Mulicast- Group Attendance Pattern
• Encryption, Decryption –XOR( data + random Number)
 HiperLAN2
Official name:
BRAN HIPERLAN Type 2
– H/2, HIPERLAN/2 also used
Features
1. High data rates for users 5. Security support
– More efficient than 802.11a – Strong encryption / authentication
– offers up to 54 Mbit/s at the 6. Mobility support
physical layer but also about 7. Network & application independent
35 Mbit/s at the network layer.
– convergence layers for Ethernet,
2. Connection oriented
IEEE 1394, ATM, 3G
3. Quality of Service Support 8. Power save modes
4. Dynamic frequency selection
HiperLAN2 architecture and handover scenarios

AP
MT1
1 APT APC
Core
MT2 Network
3 AP (Ethernet,
APT Firewire,
MT3
ATM,
2 APC
UMTS)
APT
MT4
 Types of Handover
• Sector handover(Inter Sector)

• Radio Handover(Inter APT/Intra AP)

• Network handover(Inter AP /Intra network)

 Centralized vs. direct mode

AP AP/CC

contro
dat l control
a data
MT1 MT2 MT1 MT2 MT1 MT2 +CC
data control

Centralized Direct
HiperLAN2 protocol stack
Higher layers
DLC control Convergence layer DLC user
SAP SAP
Radio link control sublayer Data link control -
Radio DLC basic data
Assoc.
resource conn. transport function
control
control
control Scope of
Error HiperLAN2
control standards
Radio link control

Medium access control

Physical layer