Chapter (2)

Input and Output

devices
Manual Input Device

1. Keyboard 7. Driving wheel

2. Mouse 8. Touch screen 
3. Touchpad 9. Scanner
4. Trackerball 10. Digital camera
5. Remote control 11. Video camera
6. Joystick 12. microphone
Keyboard

• Ergonomic keyboards
• Concept keyboards
• Numeric keypad
Ergonomic keyboards

• Design to reduce the health-related problems such as

repetitive strain injury (RSI)
• To enter text, number, some symbols
• Advantages
• Easy to use for most people
• Fast data entry
• Disadvantages
• Can be difficult to use if the user has limited arm use
Concept keyboard

• Concept keyboard uses icons or phrases

• It is useful in restaurant environment
Numeric keypads

• It is used to enter numbers only.

• Uses:
• ATM (Automatic teller machine)
• POS (Point of sale)
• Advantage
• Faster than standard keyboard
• Disadvantage
• Have small keys
Pointing devices

1. Mouse
2. Touchpad
3. Trackerball
Mouse

Optical mouse Wireless mouse

Uses
Opening, closing, deleting,
moving files/software/data
Touchpad

• Advantages
• Touchpad is integrated into laptop,
there is no need for separate mouse
• Disadvantages
• Difficult to use when doing certain
operation such as drag and drop.
Trackerball

• Uses 
• Used in control room 
• Used for people with limited wrist movement
• Advantages 
• Easier to use
• Robust than mouse
• Disadvantages
• Not supplied with computer as standard
Remote control

• It is used to control the operation of

our devices remotely
• Uses
• TV, DVD player, Air conditioner
• Advantages
• Can be operated from any reasonable
distance
• Disadvantages
• It is easier to block the signal
 Joystick and Driving wheel
• Uses 
• Computer games
• Flight simulators
• Car-driving simulation
• Advantages
• Control is more realistic than mouse
• Driving experience is nearer to the actual steering wheel
• Disadvantages 
• Difficult to control on-screen pointer
 • User can choose an option by
Touch screens touching a button/icon on the screen.
• Uses
• ATM
• Public information system at airport
• POS
• Mobile phones
• Satellite navigation system
• Computer-based training (CBT)
• Advantage
• User friendly
• Disadvantage
• Limited number of options available
• The screen can get very dirty easily
Scanners
• Scanners are used to enter
information from hard copy.
• Uses 
• Scan in old books, valuable
books, thus protecting the
originals
• Advantages
• Images can be stored for
editing
• Disadvantages 
• It depends on resolution of
scanner
 Sensors

• A sensor is device that input data to a computer, the data is a

measurement of physical quantity that is continuously changing
( for example: temperature, light, moisture )
• Computer only understand digital data ( 0 or 1 ), the information
from sensor need to be converted.
• Sensor understand analog data
• By using
• ADC (analog to digital converter)
• DAC (digital to analog converted)
Type of sensors

• Temperature
• Presser
• Light
• Sound
• Humidity/moisture
• pH
Temperature Sensors

• Used in:
• Washing machines.
• Central heating systems.
• Automatic glasshouse system.
• Microwave ovens.
Pressure sensors

• Used in;
• Burglar alarm systems
• Washing machine
• Robotics
• Environmental monitoring systems
Light sensors

• Automatic glasshouse
• Automatic door
• Burglar alarm systems
• Street lighting control
Sound sensors

• Burglar alarm systems

• Monitoring liquid and power flow in pipe
Humidity/moisture sensors

• Automatic glasshouse
• Environmental monitoring
• Factories where moisture levels are crucial
PH sensors

• Automatic glasshouse
• Chemical process
• Environmental monitoring
Sensors

• Advantages
• More accurate reading
• Reading are continuous 
• System can be automatic
• Disadvantages
• Faulty sensor can giving wrong result
Graphic tablet 

• A graphic tablets is used with a stylus to

produce a freehand drawing
• Used ibn computer Aided design (CAD)
Webcams

• Used in video conferencing

• Face to face video chatting 
• Disadvantages
• Poor quality compare with professional camera
Light pens
• Light pen is used with computer as an input device.
• They contains sensors that send signals to a
computer whenever light changes are detected.
• Drawing on CRT screen
• Advantages
• Accurate
• Disadvantages
• Outdated one
Stylus pens

• It is a small pen shaped instrument whose tip

position on a computer monitor or
touchscreens.
• It is used to draw or make selection by tapping
Direct data entry (DDE)
devices
Direct data entry (DDE) devices

1. Magnetic strip reader

2. Contactless card reader
3. Chip and pin reader
4. Radio frequency identification (RFID) reader
5. Magnetic ink character reader
6. Optical mark reader 
7. Optical character reader
8. Barcode reader
9. Quick response (QR) code reader
Magnetic strip reader

• Magnetic strip reader

• Uses
• Credit cards, debi9t cards at ATM or EFTPOS
• Security device to entry to building and hotel rooms
• Advantages
• Fast data entry comparing key in
• Error free because no need to type
• Not effect by oil, water
• Disadvantages
• The data is lost due to exposure to a strong magnetic field
Contactless card reader
• Contactless card reader 
• Allow customers to pay for items without entering
their PIN
• Contactless cards have a small chip that emits radio
waves
• Advantages
• Faster transaction
• Use 128-bit encryption to protect data 
• Disadvantages More expensive than normal
credit/debitt card 
• Can take money twice
• Transaction is limited to small value ($25)
Chip and PIN reader
• Chip and PIN reader are used at EFTPOS (electronic
fund transfer point of sale)
• The customers has to key in their PIN to make a
transaction
• Do not make sure of radio frequency technology
• Uses
• Restaurants, supermarket, travel agents 
• Advantages
• More secure and robust system than magnetic strip
cards
• Disadvantages
• Need to be careful to ensure PIN us not read by
someone else.
Radio Frequency Identification
• Radiofrequency identification (RFID) reader
• Used radio waves to read and capture information stored on a tag.
• The RFID tag is made up of two components;
• A microchip that stored and processes information.
• An antenna that is used to received and transmit data 
• Uses;
• Livestock tracking, retail, admission passes, libraries
• Advantages;
• Very robust and reliable technology.
• Very fast read rate
• Bidirectional data transfer
• Disadvantages;
• Tag collision 
• Easy to interrput because RFID users radio waves
Magnetic Ink Character reader (MICR)

• Magnetic ink Character reader (MICR)

• Character are printed with a special ink (contaning iron partials
• Printed at the bottom of a bank cheque
• Uses
• To process cheques in banking operations
• Advantages
• Greater security thann OCR
• No manual input
• Disadvantages
• Only certain characters can be read
• More expensive than other methoods
Optical Mark reader (OMR)

• Optical Mark reader (OMR) is a device that can read marks written in pen of pencil
• Uses
• Questionnaires
• Mutiple choice exam
• Advantages
• Very fast way of inputting the results of s survey
• No typing
• More accurate than OCR
• Disadvantages
• The forms need to be carefully designed
• Can be problems if the forms haven't been filled in correctly.
Optical Character reader (OCR)

• Optical Character reader (OCR)

• Software that takes scanned text and converts into computer-readable
form.
• Uses
• Processing of passports and identify cards
• Advantages
• Faster data-entry  than manually keying in data 
• No manual data entry
• Disadvantages
• Still has  difficulty reading handwriting
• Not a very accurate technique.
Barcode reader

• Barcode readers are used to read information in the form of a barcode.

• Uses
• Supermarkets, Libraries, Safety function, etc.
• Advantages
• Faster than keying in data manually
• They allow automatic stock control
• Disadvantages
• More easily damaged than RFID tags
• Barcodes can be swapped around on items
Quick Response (QR) code

• Quick response (QR) code is made up of a matrix of filled in dark

squares on a light background.
• QR code hold over 7000 digits.
• Can read QR code by using built-in camera facility on modern phone.
• QR code contains telephone number, website URL, advertisement info
and etc.
Output Devices

• Cathode Ray (CRT) monitors

• Thin film transistor (TFT) monitors
• Liquid Crystal Diode (LCD) and Light Emitting Diode (LED) monitors
• Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) screens
• Multimedia Projectors
• Laser Printers
• Inkjet printers
• Dot matrix Printers
• 3-D Printers
Control Devices

• Actuators
• Motors
• Buzzers
• Lights
• Heaters
CRT Monitors

• The picture is made up of tiny dots that are colored red, green, blue.
• Uses: The primary output device for computers

• Advantages: The angle of viewing is better than TFT monitors

• Disadvantages: It is heavy, it run very hot, correct
The Film Transistor (TFT) monitors

• The screen is made up of thousands of tiny pixels,

which are made up of transistors controlled by a
microprocessor.
• Uses: The primary output device for computers
• Advantages: Lightweight, emit less radiation a
TFT is fairly critical otherwise the image is not
very clear.
LCD and LED MONITORS 

• LCD: Liquid crystal/diode.

• The front layer of the monitor is made up if LCD 
• They diode is grouped together in three of fours which are known as
pixels
• The color (red, blue yellow) are group together.
• LED: Light emitting using LED
• LED gives whiter light which sharpens the image
• LED gives brighter light which improves the color.
OLED monitors

• OLED: Organic light emitting diode

• They use organic materials to create semi-conductors
• Organic films are sandwiched between two charged electrodes
• Metallic cathode
• Glass anode
• No form of backlighting is required
• No longer a need to use LCD technology
• OLEDs allow screens to be curved which ensure a good picture from any angle.
Advantages of using OLED technology

• The plastic, organic layers of OLED are thinner, lighter, more flexible than
LCD/LED
• OLED layers can be made from plastic rather than glass
• OLED give a brighter than LCD/LED
• OLED uses less power than LCD/LED
• OLED can be made into large, thin sheets
• OLED have a very large field of view about 170 degrees
 Multimedia Projector

• The projector receives signals from computer of TV.

• The image is magnified and projected on to a large screen.
• Uses: Training presentation, advertising presentation, home cinemas
• Advantages: Can see the video on the large screen 
• Disadvantages: Expensive
Laser Printer

• Produce very high-quality hard-copy output.

• Uses: Office 
• Advantages: 
• Printing is fast
• Can handle large point jobs
• Quality is high
• Disadvantages:
• Expensive
• They produce ozone
Inkjet Printer
• Produce good quality hard copies
• Inkjet printer don't have large buffer, printing is done a
bit at a time.
• Uses:
• Low output volume are required to print
• High quality printing is required for a single pages
• Producing photo-quality printouts
• Advantages:
• High quality output
• Cheaper than laser printer
• Don’t produce ozone
• Disadvantages:
• Slow output
• Can't do large print job
Dot matrix printers

• Type of impact printer where a print head presses against an inked ribbon.
• Uses: Noisy environments (example : garage workshops)
• Advantages
• Multiple/Carbon copies output can be produces
• Very cheap
• Disadvantages :
• Very noisy
• Very slow
• Poor quality printing
3D Printers

• A machine allowing the creation of a physical object from a three-

dimensioned digital model.
• Uses: Computers, Robots, Medical devices, art and jewellry,etc.
• Advantage: Cost effective
• Disadvantage: Copyright Issues
Speakers

• Speakers convert electromagnetic waves into sound waves.

• Uses: Radios, Audio Players, Bluetooth Speakers.etc.
• Advantage:Frequency response is better.
• Disadvantage: Power supply is needed for field coil.
Control Devices

• Actuators (source of energy, requiers a control signal).

• Motors (machines).
• Buzzers (use for signalling and makes a big noise).
• Lights (make things visible, simulates sight).
• Heaters (device for supplying heat like a convertor).