Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 UNIT I
 Data communication Components: Representation of data and its flow
Networks, Various Connection Topology, Protocols and Standards, OSI
model, TCP/IP Protocol Suite, Transmission Media, Switching, Circuit
Switched Networks, Datagram Networks and Virtual Circuit Networks; LAN:
Wired LAN, Wireless LANs, Connecting LAN and Virtual LAN, Techniques for
Bandwidth utilization: Multiplexing - Frequency division, Time division and
Wave division, Concepts on spread spectrum.

UNIT II
 Data Link Layer: Design Issues, Services provided to Network Layer, Error
Detection and Error Correction - Fundamentals, Block coding, Hamming
Distance, CRC; Flow Control and Error control protocols - Stop and Wait, Go
back – N ARQ, Selective Repeat ARQ, Sliding Window, Piggybacking.
Medium Access Control Sub Layer: Random Access, Multiple Access
protocols-Pure ALOHA, Slotted ALOHA, CSMA/CD, CDMA/CA.

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 UNIT III
 Network Layer: Network Layer Design Issues, Logical addressing – IPV4,
IPV6 Protocols; Address mapping – CIDR, ARP, RARP, BOOTP and DHCP–
Delivery, Forwarding, Uni-Cast Routing protocols, Multicast Routing
Protocols.

UNIT IV
 Transport Layer: Process to Process Communication, Client/Server
Paradigm, User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP), SCTP Congestion Control; Quality of Service, QoS improving
techniques: Leaky Bucket and Token Bucket algorithm.

UNIT V
 Application Layer: Domain Name Space (DNS), DDNS, TELNET,
EMAIL, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), WWW, HTTP, SNMP, Bluetooth,
Firewalls, Basic concepts of Cryptography.

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 1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a
distance. The word data refers to information presented
in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data. Data communications are the
exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.

Topics discussed in this section:

 Components of a data communications system
 Data Flow

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 1. Delivery:
The system must deliver data to the correct destination.
Data must be received by the intended device or user and only by that device or user.
 
2. Accuracy:
The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that have been altered in transmission and
left uncorrected are unusable.
3. Timeliness:
The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered late are useless.
In the case of video and audio, timely delivery means delivering data as they are produced, in the same order
that they are produced, and without significant delay. This kind of delivery is called real-time transmission.
 
4. Jitter:
Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time.
It is the uneven delay in the delivery of audio or video packets.
For example, let us assume that video packets are sent every 3D ms.
If some of the packets arrive with 3D-ms delay and others with 4D-ms delay,
an uneven quality in the video is the result.

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 Figure 1.1 Components of a data communication system

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•Message: A message is a piece of information that is to be transmitted from one
person to another.
It could be a text file, an audio file, a video file, etc.
•Sender: It is simply a device that sends data messages.
It can be a computer, mobile, telephone, laptop, video camera, or
workstation, etc.
•Receiver: It is a device that receives messages. It can be a computer, telephone
mobile, workstation, etc.
•Transmission Medium / Communication Channels: Communication channels are
the medium
that connect two or more workstations. Workstations can be connected by
either wired media or wireless media.
•Set of rules (Protocol): set of rules that governs data communication.When someone
sends the data (The sender),
it should be understandable to the receiver also otherwise it is meaningless.
For example, Sonali sends a message to Chetan. If Sonali writes in Hindi and
Chetan cannot understand Hindi, it is a meaningless conversation.

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 Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

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 1-2 NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)

connected by communication links. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network. A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any
medium which can transport a signal carrying
information.
Topics discussed in this section:
 Network Criteria
 Physical Structures
 Categories of Networks

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 Network Criteria

 Performance
 Depends on Network Elements
 Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
 Reliability
 Failure rate of network components
 Measured in terms of availability/robustness
 Security
 Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
 Errors
 Malicious users

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 Physical Structures

 Type of Connection
 Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver
 Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission
 Physical Topology
 Connection of devices
 Type of transmission - unicast, mulitcast, broadcast

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 Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

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 Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

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 Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

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 Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

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 Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

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 Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

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 Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

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 Categories of Networks

 Local Area Networks (LANs)

 Short distances
 Designed to provide local interconnectivity
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
 Long distances
 Provide connectivity over large areas
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
 Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus

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 Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

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 Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

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 Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

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 1-3 THE INTERNET

The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily

lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a
communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.

Topics discussed in this section:

Organization of the Internet
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

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 Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

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 1-4 PROTOCOLS

A protocol is synonymous with rule. It consists of a set of

rules that govern data communications. It determines
what is communicated, how it is communicated and when
it is communicated. The key elements of a protocol are
syntax, semantics and timing

Topics discussed in this section:

 Syntax
 Semantics
 Timing

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 Elements of a Protocol

 Syntax
 Structure or format of the data
 Indicates how to read the bits - field delineation
 Semantics
 Interprets the meaning of the bits
 Knows which fields define what action
 Timing
 When data should be sent and what
 Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is
being received.

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