TOPIC-MASS TRANSFER TO A SINGLE PARTICLE WITH

REACTION
ANWESHA BOSE 10300618063
ANUPAM GHOSH 10300618064
ANKITA 10300618065
ANKAN MONDAL 10300618066

SUBJECT- CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING 2

SUBJECT CODE- CHE-PC-503

YEAR -3rd

SEMESTER-5 th

HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Content

 What is Mass Transfer Diffusion co-efficient

 Introduction Mass transfer in a single particle .
 Types of Mass Transfer CONCLUSION
 Fick's law ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 more general driving force REFERENCE
 Convective mass transfer THANK YOU
 Mass transfer co-efficient
 Mass diffusivity
 Range of mass diffusivities
 What is Mass Transfer ?

 Mass transfer is the net movement of mass from one location to another
or travel of individual chemical species from high-concentration regions to
low-concentration regions.

 Mass transfer may take place in a single phase or over phase boundaries
in multiphase systems .
Types of Mass Transfer

Mass transfer is basically of two types

 Molecular mass transfer (rate of transfer is only a function of molecular activity

 Convective mass transfer(rate of transfer is mainly due to fluid motion or convective

currents)

 Mass transfer can be within a single phase (homogeneous) or between phases. In the latter
case it is called as “interphase mass transfer”.
 Ficks law

 Fick's law states that the rate of transfer of molecules or atoms by diffusion through a unit
area is proportional to concentration gradient.

 J measures the amount of substance that will flow through a unit area during a unit time
interval.

 DA = diffusivity of A ( cm2/sec)

 negative sign, as concentration decreases with distance.

 general driving force

A more general driving force is based on chemical potential gradient

Where, μo is the chemical potential at the standard state.

Apart from difference in concentration, a chemical potential gradient can also be obtained by
temperature difference (thermal diffusion or Soret effect), pressure difference, differences in
gravity forces, magnetic forces, etc.
Mass transfer co-efficient

 The mass transfer coefficient is a diffusion rate constant that relates the mass transfer rate,
mass transfer area, and concentration change as driving force:
Mass diffusivity

 The proportionality coefficient for the Fick’s law for molecular transfer is mass diffusivity
or diffusion coefficient.
 Like viscosity and thermal conductivity, diffusion coefficient is also measured under
molecular transport conditions and not in the presence of eddies (turbulent flow)

 . The SI units of mass diffusivity are m2/s.

1 m2/s = 3.875×104 ft2/h
1 cm2/s = 10‒4 m2/s = 3.875 ft2/h
1 m2/h = 10.764 ft2/h
1 centistokes = 10‒2 cm2/s
M.T & REACTION IN A SINGLE
CATALYST PELLET
 Surface reaction is rapid.

 Rate of diffusion from the bulk to the catalyst surface limits the overall reaction rate.

 Surface reaction is slow.

 Diffusion from bulk is relatively faster.

Surface reaction limited isomerization reaction
 A B
 Single site mechanism
 Langmur-Hinsel wood kinetics(L-H)

 Assume external mass transport limitations. We find-

-ras = kr cas/(1+KaCas+ KBCBS)------------(1)

 At high T KA CAS+ KB CBS = << 1

-ras = Kr Cas---------(2)

 Where KR ,KA, KB are constant.

 Cas=surface concentration.
Flux with which species diffuses from bul to
catalyst surface(exterior)
WA =Kc(Ca - Cas)

War = -ras“ for steady state

War = kc(Ca - Cas)
= -ras “
= kr Cas (at high T)
~Eliminate Cas

Kc(Ca-Cas)= KrCas
---------------(4)
 Eliminate Cas

KcCa = ( Kr+kc )Cas

Cas = KcCa / ( Kr+Kc ) ---------------------(5)

From equation 4 and 5-----

-Ras = Kr Kc Ca / ( Kr+kc )

This expression gives the overall rate at which reaction occur in terms of observable .
Case -1
 Surface reaction is rapid (Kr)
 Diffusion rate is relatively slower.(Kc)

(rate controlling)

kr >> Kc
( Kc/Kr ) << 1
here diffusion rate refers to external diffusion force
-ras ” = ( kc Kr Ca ) / K c+ kr = keff Ca
= kc Ca / [ ( Kc / kr )+1]
Kc / Kr << 1 -ras” ~ Kc Ca
Keff = ( Kr Kc ) / ( Kc + Kr )

= 1 / (1 / kr) + ( 1 / kc )
Case -2

 Surface reaction is slow

 Ext diffusion rate is relatively faster

Kc >> Kr
 Kr / kc << 1
-ras” = Kc Kr Ca / ( Kc+Kr ) =Keff Ca
= Kc Ca / ( 1+Kr / Kc )
Kr / Kc << 1 -ras” ~ Kr Ca
so here it depends on only the surface reaction.
How to increase of overall rate of reaction

 M.T is controlling the overall heat transfer co efficient

-rAS “ = Kc CA

We know that Kc is directly proportional to (U/dP)1/2

Surface reaction is controlling

-rAS “ = Kr CA
Kr ia not a function of superficial velocity.
*super ficial velocity with which gas is flowing Past the catalyst
*small cat particlesicreases the pressure drop.
 Conclusion

 Diffusion for a single or two component mixtures is called viscous modulus and
used to analyze the convective effects on reaction rate.
 pore size distribution has little effect on the reaction rate for the conditions studied, but
particle porosity will influence the reaction rate.
 As the particle size increases further, the effect of pore size and porosity will be
higher.
 REFERENCES

 The Text Book Bird, R.B. Stewart, W.E. and Lightfoot, E.N. (2002).

 Transport Phenomena. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons,

 Wikipedia
Acknowledgement

 I would like to thank mrs. SONALI SAMANTA , whose valueable guidance has been
the one that helped me patch this project and make it full proof success her suggestions
and her instruction has served as the major contributor of the project.

 Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates and who have helped me a lot.
THANK YOU