18FTT43- MASS TRANSFER IN FOOD

PROCESSING OPERATIONS
Unit-1
Dr.R.BASKAR
Professor – FT
KEC
 UNIT-1 Syllabus
• Mass Transfer Operations: Introduction,
Classification and role in food processing.
• Diffusion: Ficks law of diffusion. Steady state
molecular and eddy diffusion in gases and liquids.
Measurement and prediction of diffusivity of gas
and liquids, diffusion in solids.
• Interphase Mass Transfer: Individual and over all
mass transfer co-efficient. Theories of mass
transfer: Two Film, penetration, surface renewal
 Transfer Operations
• Fluid Transfer ( Momentum Transfer)
• Mass Transfer
• Heat transfer
 Transfer Operations- Comparision
Transfer Driving Force Law Characteristic
Operation constant
Fluid Flow Velocity Newton's law Viscosity
Difference of viscosity
Mass Transfer Concentration Fick's law Diffusivity MTC
Difference
Heat Transfer Temperature Fourier's Law Thermal HTC
Difference conductivity
 Introduction of Mass transfer
• The mass transfer is defined as “The transport of
one constitute from a region of higher
concentration to that of lower concentration”.
• The primary driving force for the mass transfer is
concentration difference
• When a system contains two or more component
whose concentration varies from point to point,
there is a natural tendency for mass to be
transfer.
• The true driving force is Chemical Potential
• Mass Transfer takes place in all Phases
 Types of Mass Transfer Operation
1.Direct contact of Two immiscible phases
A) Gas-Gas
B) Gas- Liquid
C) Gas- Solid
D) Liquid- Liquid (extraction)
E) Liquid- solid (crystallisation)
F) Solid – solid
2.Phases Separated by a Membrane
A) Gas- Gas
B) Gas- Liquid
C) Liquid- Liquid
3.Direct contact of miscible phases
4.Use of surface Phenomena
 DIFFUSION
A) Molecular Diffusion
Movement of individual molecules through a substance by virtue
of their thermal Energy or diff in concentration
- Slow process , occurs in stagnant fluids or in fluids lowing under
laminar conditions

B) Eddy Diffusion
Concerned with the process where mass transfer is due
rapid movement of relatively large chunks or eddies.
 FICK’S LAW
• First law of Steady state Diffusion
• Statement : Molar Flux ( 𝐽𝐴 )is directly Proportional to
𝑑𝐶𝐴
Concentration gradient ( )
𝑑𝑍
𝑑𝐶𝐴
• 𝐽𝐴 = −𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝑑𝑍
• Law written in z – direction
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
• 𝐽𝐴 − Molar flux of the component in Z Direction ( 2 )
𝑚 𝑠
𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
• 𝐶𝐴 - Concentration of A ( 3 )
𝑚
• 𝐷𝐴𝐵 - Diffusivity Co-efficient or Diffusivity of a constituent A
𝑚2
in a solution of B ( )
𝑠
• -ve sign indicates drop in concentration
 Diffusivity( 𝐷𝐴𝐵 )
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥
• Diffusivity=
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
• Diffusivity is a measure of molecular mobility
• Characteristic of a constituent and its environment
• Depends on T, P, C, State (GLS) , nature of the other
constituent
• Diffusive mobility is a function of the number of collisions
• Diffusivity increases with increase in temperature, since
because of increase in molecular velocity
• Diffusivity increases with decreasing pressure as the number
of collisions decreased and by avoiding unnecessary zig-zag
movement
• Higher molar concentrations unfavours molecular movement
 Mass Transfer Flux
• 𝐽𝐴 represents mass flux (no of moles transferred per
unit time and per unit area) by only diffusional mass
transfer.
𝑑𝐶𝐴 𝐽𝐴 = - 𝐽𝐵
• 𝐽𝐴 = −𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝐵𝐴
𝑑𝑍
𝑑𝐶𝐵
• 𝐽𝐵 = −𝐷𝐵𝐴
𝑑𝑍
• 𝑁𝐴 represents mass flux (no of moles transferred per
unit time and per unit area) by considering both
diffusional mass transfer and convective mass transfer
(bulk fluid motion).
• 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑥𝐴 𝑁 + 𝐽𝐴
• 𝑁 = 𝑁𝐴 + 𝑁𝐵
 Steady State Molecular Diffusion in Fluids
at Rest and in Laminar Flow
1. MOLECULAR DIFFUSION IN GASES
A) Diffusion of A Through nondiffusing B
B) Equimolar counter diffusion

2. MOLECULAR DIFFUSION IN LIQUIDS

A) Diffusion of A Through nondiffusing B
B) Equimolar counter diffusion
Diffusivity Prediction in gases
Diffusivity Prediction in Liquids
Pseudo - Diffusion
 Diffusion in Solids
Diffusion Through Polymeric membranes
Pressure gradient as driving force
Temperature dependency by Arrhenius type reaction
HD= Energy of Activation
Do = Constant

VA = Diffusional flux

Permeability can be defined as

P= DA SA
Where P  Permeability S Solubility
Diffusion in Solids – Crystalline solids
 Diffusion in Porous solids
• The Solid may be porous : Eg. Adsorbents or membrane
• Diffusion by Concentration gradient or Pressure gradient
• Two types of diffusive movement, depending on the ratio of pore diameter d, to
the mean free path of the gas molecules, λ
𝑑
• If > 20 Molecular diffusion Predominates
λ

• 𝑑
If < 0.2 the rate of diffusion is governed by the collisions of the gas
λ
molecules within the pore walls and follows Knudsen’s law

𝐷𝐾,𝐴 (𝑝𝐴1 −𝑝𝐴2 ) 𝑐𝑚2

𝑁𝐴 = 𝐷𝐾,𝐴 = Knudsen diffusivity,
𝑅𝑇𝑙 𝑠
𝑙 = Length of the pore, cm
𝑝𝐴1 = Partial pressure of Diffusing substance cmHg
Diffusion in Porous solids ( Cont…)