Learning objective

• The contents of each chapter of the curriculum are

extremely intertwine, as such it is best to keep all the
chapter content in one ppt, including all the learning
objectives.
• Learning objectives: ( for the students to be able to:)

1. Calculate work done by a given force (constant or as a

given function F(x)) on an object that undergoes a
specified displacement.

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 Learning objective

2. Describe the work done on an object as the result of

the scalar product between force and displacement.

3. Explain how the work done on an object by an applied

force acting on an object can be negative or zero.

4. Calculate a value for work done on an object from a

force versus position graph.

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 Learning objective

5. Calculate the change in kinetic energy due to the work

done on an object or a system by a single force or
multiple forces.

6. Calculate the net work done on an object that

undergoes a specified change in speed or change in
kinetic energy.

7. Calculate changes in an object’s kinetic energy or

changes in speed that result from the application of
specified forces.
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 Learning objective

8. Derive an expression for the rate at which a force does

work on an object.

9. Calculate the amount of power required for an object

to maintain a constant acceleration.

10. Calculate the amount of power required for an object

to be raised vertically at a constant rate.

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 Learning objective

11. Learn how to differentiate between conservative and

dissipative forces.

12. Learn about kinetic and potential

13. energy

14. Learn about mechanical energy and its components

(potential energy and gravitational energy).

15. Learn how to differentiate between scenario’s where

the mechanical energy is conserved or not.
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 Key words

1. Energy

2. Work

3. Change in energy

4. Kinetic energy

5. Potential energy

6. power

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 Key words

5. Finding the Area under the graph

6. Integration ( with boundaries)

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 Energy

•Energy: energy in general is defined as the ability to do work,

its scaler and measured
in Joules.

•Energy can not be destroyed or created; but energy has many

forms/types and
it keeps changing between those forms
 Energy

Some forms or types of energy include:

•Linear Kinetic energy KE=
•Gravitational potential energy PE= mgh
•Spring potential energy =
•Electrical energy
•Many more
 Work

• Work: work is done on a system when (a force is

applied through a displacement) thus ( W= F.d =F x d x
cos(Ѳ)) (MEASURED IN JOULES)
• F= force measured in Newton

• d= displacement measured in (meters)

• Ѳ= the angle between the force and the displacement

 Work

Example: Find the work done by the force (F = 100N) ?

(if the slope has a horizontal distance of 4m and height of

3m)
 Work

Continue Example: Find the work done by the gravitational

force if the mass of the block is 5 kg?
 Work

Continue Example: Find the total work done by the

gravitational force and the force F?
 Work
• Important things to note about work:
• 1- work can be:
• Positive (if the force or the component of the force affecting the
displacement is in the same direction) (≤Ѳ)

• Negative (if the force or the component of the force affecting the
displacement is in the opposite direction) (Ѳ)

• Zero ( if the force is perpendicular to the displacement ) (Ѳ=)

- Example the work due to gravitational force on an abject that is being dragged
horizontally
 Work
• Important things to note about work:
• 1- work can be:

• Zero ( if the force is perpendicular to the displacement ) (Ѳ=)

- Example the work due to gravitational force on an abject that is being dragged
horizontally
 Learning objective

• The contents of each chapter of the curriculum are

extremely intertwine, as such it is best to keep all the
chapter content in one ppt, including all the learning
objectives.
• Learning objectives: ( for the students to be able to:)

1. Calculate work done by a given force (constant or as a

given function F(x)) on an object that undergoes a
specified displacement.

02/22/2023
 Learning objective

2. Describe the work done on an object as the result of

the scalar product between force and displacement.

3. Explain how the work done on an object by an applied

force acting on an object can be negative or zero.

4. Calculate a value for work done on an object from a

force versus position graph.

02/22/2023
 Learning objective

5. Calculate the change in kinetic energy due to the work

done on an object or a system by a single force or
multiple forces.

6. Calculate the net work done on an object that

undergoes a specified change in speed or change in
kinetic energy.

7. Calculate changes in an object’s kinetic energy or

changes in speed that result from the application of
specified forces.
02/22/2023
 Learning objective

8. Derive an expression for the rate at which a force does

work on an object.

9. Calculate the amount of power required for an object

to maintain a constant acceleration.

10. Calculate the amount of power required for an object

to be raised vertically at a constant rate.

02/22/2023
 Learning objective

11. Learn how to differentiate between conservative and

dissipative forces.

12. Learn about kinetic and potential

13. energy

14. Learn about mechanical energy and its components

(potential energy and gravitational energy).

15. Learn how to differentiate between scenario’s where

the mechanical energy is conserved or not.
02/22/2023
 Key words

1. Energy

2. Work

3. Change in energy

4. Kinetic energy

5. Potential energy

6. power

02/22/2023
 Key words

5. Finding the Area under the graph

6. Integration ( with boundaries)

02/22/2023
 Energy

•Energy: energy in general is defined as the ability to do work,

its scaler and measured
in Joules.

•Energy can not be destroyed or created; but energy has many

forms/types and
it keeps changing between those forms
 Energy

Some forms or types of energy include:

•Linear Kinetic energy KE=
•Gravitational potential energy PE= mgh
•Spring potential energy =
•Electrical energy
•Many more
 Work

• Work: work is done on a system when (a force is

applied through a displacement) thus ( W= F.d =F x d x
cos(Ѳ)) (MEASURED IN JOULES)
• F= force measured in Newton

• d= displacement measured in (meters)

• Ѳ= the angle between the force and the displacement

02/22/2023
 Work

Example: Find the work done by the force (F = 100N) ?

(if the slope has a horizontal distance of 4m and height of

3m)
02/22/2023
 Work

Continue Example: Find the work done by the gravitational

force if the mass of the block is 5 kg?
 Work

Continue Example: Find the total work done by the

gravitational force and the force F?
02/22/2023
 Work
• Important things to note about work:
• 1- work can be:
• Positive (if the force or the component of the force affecting the
displacement is in the same direction) (≤Ѳ)

• Negative (if the force or the component of the force affecting the
displacement is in the opposite direction) (Ѳ)

• Zero ( if the force is perpendicular to the displacement ) (Ѳ=)

- Example the work due to gravitational force on an abject that is being dragged
horizontally
 Work
• Important things to note about work:
• 1- work can be:

• Zero ( if the force is perpendicular to the displacement ) (Ѳ=)

- Example the work due to gravitational force on an abject that is being dragged
horizontally
 Work
• Important things to note about work:

2- Total work= the sum of the work values due to each one
of the forces affecting the object

( W=F x d x cos(Ѳ) )
OR
Where: W=⅀ (F cos (Ѳ) ) x (d)
W: work (J)
F: force (N)
d: displacement (m)
 work

•Work is the transfer of energy that occurs when a force is

applied through a displacement.
•W= ∆E

•An Example:

• W = ∆E = ∆KE =-
 Work

•Graphically ( work is the area under a force V.S displacement graph)

W= F.d W= F.d
Work = Area Work = Area
W=• 20 x 1.5 W= 0.5 x 20 x
W= 30 joules 1.5
W= 15 joules
For each interval of this Acceleration vs. Displacement graph,
calculate the work done by the force causing the displacement of a 4.0
kg object.

0 – 4.0 m 4.0 – 6.0 m

6.0 – 8.0 m 8.0 – 11.0 m

0 – 11.0 m
Graphical Representation of Work
(Force does not have to be constant)

Calculate the work done by the

force on a 2.0 kg object for each
interval.

0 – 4.0 m

4.0 – 8.0 m

8.0 – 14.0 m

0 – 14.0 m
For each interval calculate the work done by the force causing the
displacement of a 4.0 kg object.

0 – 4.0 m 4.0 – 7.0 m

7.0 – 9.0 m 9.0 – 11.0 m

11.0 – 13.0 m 0 – 13.0 m

 Graphical Method of Calculating Work
Area under F vs. d graph is work
done by Force indicated on graph.

But what if instead of a graph, you are given a function for F?

 Analytical Method for Finding Area
Under a Graph

• Use anti-differentiation (integration)

• Start with
• monomials and
• polynomials
Analytical Method for Finding Area
Under a Graph
Analytical Method for Finding Area
Under a Graph
 Definite Integrals

• In physics, 90% of the time we will be handling functions that

cover a finite domain of values (ex. 0 < t < 5 seconds, 0 < x <
5 m ).
• Therefore will be evaluating definite integrals most times.
• In calculus class (& occasionally in physics)
you will also evaluate indefinite integrals
• The following are basic forms for monomials and
polynomials
If f(x) is in the form of xn for n ≠ -1
If f(x) is in the form of xn for n ≠ -1

• Ex #1 Evaluate the definite integral

If f(x) is in the form of xn for n ≠ -1

• Ex #1 Evaluate the definite integral

If f(x) is in the form of Axn for n ≠ -1

• Ex #2 Evaluate the definite integral

 If f(x) is equal to 1 (for n = 0)

• Ex #3a and b Evaluate the definite integrals

a.

b.
 If f(x) is a Polynomial

• Ex #4 Evaluate the definite integral

 power

•Power is the rate of change of Energy with respect to time, it is scaler, and
it is measured in watt =

P=

•Since work is also the change of energy (W= ) then:

P===

•Since then:
P== F . V= F V cos (Ѳ)
 Power

• Power – the rate of doing work

• Watt – the unit of power

Book example 5.4 on page 145
Book example 5.4 on page 145
Book solved problem 5.3 on page 146
Book solved problem 5.4 on page 147
Book solved problem 5.4 on page 147
Book solved problem 6.1 on page 156
 Conservative and dissipative forces

Link:
https:/
/www.
youtu
be.co
m/wat
ch?
v=iba
4gUe
QN0w

02/22/2023
 Conservative force

• Note about conservative forces:

1- work done by a conservative force only depends on the

final and initial position (does not depend on the path
taken)

2- examples of a conservative force is (), and ().

3- conservative forces conserve mechanical energy

(KE +PE=ME =constant)

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 Conservative force

• Note about conservative forces:

4- you can define potential energies for conservative

forces

02/22/2023
 dissipative forces

• Note about dissipative forces AKA (non conservative

forces) :

1- dissipative forces do not conserve mechanical energy,

for example friction does work by converting kinetic
energy (KE) to heat (thermal energy), and heat is not a
mechanical energy (ME) and as such friction decreases
(ME).

2-Examples of dissipative forces include (friction, and Air

resistance)

02/22/2023
 Potential energy and conservative force

• Potential energy: is a (stored energy), and there are

different types such as (GPE, SPE).
• The work done by conservative forces is the change in
potential energy:

Where:

GPE = gravitational potential energy (mgh)

SPE = spring potential energy ( k

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 Potential energy and conservative force

• W = ∆PE = ∆U

• (sometimes we use the letter U to indicate potential energy (PE))

Where:

∆ = means change

U = PE= potential energy

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 Potential energy and conservative force

• Remember that to find the work you used to find the area under
the ( force Vs displacement graph), will do the same thing to find
the value of the (change in potential energy= ∆U).

• The value of (change in potential energy= ∆U) is the area under

the conservative force graph vs displacement.

Where:

∆U= change in potential energy (joules)

conservative force ( such as spring force ) conservational force ) )

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 Potential energy and conservative force

• Remember that the area under a graph is ( the integration to the y

axis with respect to the x- axis).

• In this case

• Area under graph = ∆U ( the change in potential energy)

• The y- axis = ( the conservative force)

• The x- axis = the position (x, or y, or r)

• a= the initial value for the position (, or , or )

• b= the final value for the position (, or , or )

02/22/2023
 Potential energy and conservative force

• Remember integration takes you one way and derivation takes you
the other way. (in a sense derivation is the opposite of integration)

• To find the conservative force at any location () you can derive the
equation of ∆U then substitute for the position (x, or y, or r).

02/22/2023
 Potential energy and conservative force
Summery

W= ∆U = (area under the force = the integration =

Vs displacement
graph)

02/22/2023
 Gravitational force, potential energy, and
change in potential energy.

All of what is in this slide limited to earth and something on its

• Gravitational force (: surface

= mg sometimes written as = (-) mg

• In the second case the equation indicates the force as a vector, and it has
the (-) sign because the gravitational force points down.

• You have studied before that the gravitational potential energy GPE = =
mg (h)

• The change in energy is final energy – initial energy as such

∆ ∆= mg () - mg () = mg (- )

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02/22/2023
 Finding the change in the gravitational
potential energy using calculus

All of what is in this slide limited to earth

and something on its surface

= - == mg () - mg () = mg (- )

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 Gravitational force, potential energy, and
change in potential energy.
Not included in the final exam

Gravitational force
between any two objects in
the universe
Where:
m= mass (kg)

R= the distance
between the two
centers of masses (m)
Gravitational potential
energy between any two
objects in the universe G= gravitational
constant = 6.67408 ×
10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2

02/22/2023
 Spring force, potential energy, and change
in potential energy.

• Spring force (:

= Kx sometimes written as = (-) Kx

• In the second case the equation indicates the force as a vector, and it has the
(-) sign because (x) in this cases represents the displacement from the
equilibrium position, and the spring force is always opposite in direction to
displacement.

• You have studied before that the Spring potential energy SPE = = K ()
Where:
• The change in energy is final energy – initial energy as such
K= spring constant
∆ ∆= K () - K () = K (-)
x= displacement
from equilibrium
position
02/22/2023
 In your book

• In the book the Displacement is represented as (∆x)

instead of (x) and as such:

= Kx = K (∆x)

= (-) Kx = (-) K (∆x) For when you write

the equation for the
force as a vector

02/22/2023
02/22/2023
02/22/2023
 Finding the change in the gravitational
potential energy using calculus

= - = K () - K () = K (-)

02/22/2023
 The mechanical energy

• Mechanical energy (ME): sum of the kinetic energy, or energy of

motion, and the potential energy, or energy stored in a system,
scaler measured in joules.

• Potential energy (PE =U): stored energy, scaler measured in

joules. Examples include (spring potential energy (), and
gravitational potential energy ())

• Kinetic energy (KE): energy of motion, scaler measured in joules.

ME (total) = KE + () + ()

If the mechanical energy is conserved in a system that system is titled a “conservative system”
02/22/2023
 The mechanical energy

If the mechanical energy is conserved in a system that system is titled a “conservative system”

• Examples of conserved systems:

02/22/2023
 The mechanical energy

• Change of mechanical energy happens when a non conservative

force like (frictional force) applies work on the system (KE
becomes thermal energy by work of the frictional force )

• Remember the example of rubbing your hands, or sliding the box

in the video

∆ME= KE + () + () =

02/22/2023
 Spring equations

• Spring force

• = - K (x)

• Spring potential energy

• SPE= = (-) (x) = () (x) = (

Where:

K= spring constant, = spring force, x= position

∆= change in spring potential energy

02/22/2023
 Potential energy and conservative force
Spring Example

Spring force is equal in

magnitude and opposite in
direction to the applied
force

02/22/2023
 Potential energy and conservative force
Spring Example
If the spring constant is 5 (

Use integration to find the

change of spring potential
energy between an
extension of 2m and 3m.

Then prove your work

graphically, or
mathematically?.

02/22/2023
 Potential energy and conservative force
Spring Example solution

02/22/2023
 Book example 6.2 on page

• Solve in the book

02/22/2023
 Book solved problem 6.4 on page 169

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 Book solved problem 6.4 on page 169

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 Book example 6.5 on page 174

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 Book example 6.5 on page 174

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 Book example 6.3 on page 171

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 Book example 6.3 on page 171

02/22/2023
 Concept check 6.3 on page 170

02/22/2023
 Concept check 6.6 on page 176

02/22/2023
 Concept check 6.6 on page 176

02/22/2023